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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the genome of Rhabdoviridae
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Enveloped, bullet-shaped RNA
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What are the main rhabdoviridae viruses?
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Rabies
Vesicular stomatitis Bovine Ephemeral fever |
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Describe the pathogenesis of rabies
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Myocyte infection->uptake at nerve endings -> brain-> salivary glands
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What is the incubation, shedding and clinical course of rabies?
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Incubation- 2weeks-2years
Shedding- 1-7 days prior to clinical signs Course- <10 days |
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How long would we quarantine an unvaccinated animal bitten by a wild animal?
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6 months
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Quarantine for an animal that bits a human?
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10 days
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When is rabies highly susceptible to antibody?
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During incubation, prior to entry into nerve endings
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Two forms of rabies?
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Furious- behavior changes
Paralytic- paralysis |
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Where does the rabies virus replicate?
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Hippocampus, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord
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What is observed in the furious form?
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Changes in behavior, aggression, loss of fear*
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Describe the symptoms of the paralytic rabies
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paralysis of facial muscles, dysphagia, limb paralysis
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How is rabies transmitted?
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Animal reservoirs: saliva deposited in wound
Aerosols Tissue transplants |
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Name two ways the rabies vaccine is effective
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Prevents disease and shedding
Can block the pet-people chain |
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How is rabies diagnosed?
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Histopathology: intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in CNS
Immunofluorescence: rabies proteins in CNS (method of choice) |
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How is vesicular stomatitis virus different than FMDV?
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It causes disease in horses where FMDV does not!
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Clinical signs of Vesicular stomatitis virus?
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fever, anorexia, profuse salivation, lameness
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What is bovine ephemeral fever virus?
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3 day stiff sickness
not in the us, trade restrictions |
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What type of viruses are retroviruses?
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RNA with a reverse transcriptase and an integrase
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What are the three mechanisms of retrovirus oncogenesis?
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1) Insertional mutagenesis (slow, leukemias)
2) Transduction of c-onc genes (fast, sarcomas) 3) Trans-activation: humans |
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Why is insertional mutagenesis slow?
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It involves the virus to insert near an onco gene, which are few and far between (minefield example)
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How does transduction of c-onc genes work?
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Sarcoma viruses, which are replication defective, recombinate to include the onco gene
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What viruses use trans-activation of cellular onco genes/
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BLV and HTLV only, uses Tax gene
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Are leukemia viruses replication competent?
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Yes
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Are sarcoma viruses replication competent?
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No
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How long is the latent period of leukemia viruses?
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4-6 months
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Which avian leukemia/sarcoma viruses are replication competent?
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Lymphoid leukosis
Osteopetrosis |
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What disease is lymphoid leukosis similar to?
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Mareks disease, neoplastic disease
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How are avian leukemia/sarcoma viruses transmitted?
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Through the egg!
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How are avian leukemia/ sarcoma viruses controlled?
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Maternal antibody protects from 4-7 wks, no vaccine
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How does lymphoid leukosis differ from marek's disease?
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Lymphoid leukosis: later paralysis (>16 wks), nodular tumor in bursa
Marek's: <4 wks, large tumor, PNs |
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Describe FeLV
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Feline Leukemia/Sarcoma Virus is an oncogenic retrovirus with 3 subgroups A,B and C.
Most important infectious disease of cats |
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What are the 3 outcomes of FeLV infection?
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1) effective immune: cleared, resistant
2) Latent carriers: don't shed, susceptible to clinical disease 3) Persistently viremic: shed virus, die within 3 years |
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How is FeLV tested for?
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part of SNAP test
ELISA for Ag |
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What is unique about FeLV antibodies?
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3 details
1- neutralizing antibodies against gp71, type specific 2- antibodies group specific 3- FOCMA antibodies: protective against neoplastic disease only, not a viral antigen |
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How is FeLV transmitted?
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Saliva from infected cats
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How is bovine leukemia virus (BLV) classified?
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Enzootic: adult cattle (65% asymptomatic carriers, 30% persistent lymphocytosis)
Sporadic: 3 types, BLV not the major cause |
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What is persistent lymphocytosis?
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Benign lymphoproliferative condition, above normal white cell count
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What are the symptoms of BLV?
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Eye tumors, heart tumors, enlarged lymph nodes
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How is BLV related to other disease?
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90% of adult cattle with lymphosarcoma have BLV
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What is the prevalence of BLV?
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Dairy cattle: 20% infected
Beef cattle: 2% infected |
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What are lentiviruses?
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Non-oncogenic retroviruses, primarily horizontally transmitted, cause persistent infections and gradual onset of progressive disease
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What do lentiviruses have a tropism for?
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Either macrophages or T-helper cells
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What is Visna-Maedi virus?
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Maedi- OPP in the US, respiratory form, death from secondary infection
Visna- meningoencephalic form |
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What is Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis?
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widespread lentivirus, 80% of US goats have antibodies but 25% of these get clinical signs
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What is EIAV?
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Equine infectious anemia virus (lentivirus, type of retrovirus) also called swamp fever
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What are the types of EIAV?
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Acute: sudden onset of fever, anorexia, thirst, petechial hemorrhages, death can
Subacute: lack of clinical signs, can transmit Chronic: febrile episode, anemia (complement mediated destruction) |
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What type of EIAV does an anemic infected horse have?
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Chronic
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How is EIAV transmitted?
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biting insects
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How do we test for EIAV?
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Immunodiffusion test: Coggins
ELISA for antibody |
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What is FIV?
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Feline immunodeficiency virus
Non-oncogenic (lentivirus) retrovirus In the cat population at 1.5-3% 12% incidence in cats with FeLV |
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What are the clinical signs associated with FIV?
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wide variety: fever, anemia, neurologic, abortion, diarrhea
Has immunosuppressive properties so these could be secondary |
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How is FIV transmitted?
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Like all lentiviruses, primarily horizontal
Males> Females due to fighting, saliva exposure in bites |
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How do we test for FIV?
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ELISA for antibodies (antibodies=infection)
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What is the significance of BIV?
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In 5-10% of cattle, no idea what it might be doing
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What is the difference in ELISA for FIV vs FeLV?
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FIV: tests for antibodies
FeLV: tests for antigen EIAV: coggins test for antibody |
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What are the characteristics of the Parvo family?
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ssDNA, non-enveloped, acid resistant
Lytic infections of rapidly dividing cell populations, fetus/neonate especially susceptible |
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What do parvoviruses need?
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Cell in the "S" phase of the cell cycle (DNA synthesis phase)
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What is Feline Panleukopenia virus?
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All felines susceptible
Fecal-Oral transmission Depletion of leukocytes |
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How does FPLV kill kittens?
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Dehydration!
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How is FPLV transmitted?
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Fecal->Oral
Virus is very stable in the environment |
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Describe the FPLV vaccine
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Inactivated vaccines used for pregnant cats
Don't use modified live vaccines for pregnant cats |
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Describe Canin Parvovirus 2
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CPV-2 is closely related to Feline Panleukopenia virus FPLV (no cerebellar hypoplasia as in FPLV but myocarditis instead)
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What are the signs of CPV-2
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Severe hemorrhagic diarrhea with leukopenia
High mortality in early years |
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What is the pathogenesis of CPV-2?
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Hemorrhagic enteritis- crypt cell destruction
Mycardial Infection- cardiac myofibrils destroyed |
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How is CPV-2 transmitted?
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Fecal->Oral
Very stable in the environment |
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How is CPV-2 controlled?
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MLV and killed vaccines
Can also use FPLV vaccines |
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When is Porcine Parvovirus a concern?
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In utero infections!
First half of gestation- cause SMEDI |
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How can parvoviruses be identified histologically?
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Intranuclear inclusion bodies
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Describe Papillomaviruses
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Direct contact transmission
Self limiting Spontaneously regress Highly contagious, epizootic in kennels |
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What is the pathogenesis of papillomaviruses?
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They attack the basal layer of dividing epidermal cells: stratum germinatum
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Describe the Circoviridae virus
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one molecule of circular ssDNA
very environmentally stable |
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What is CAA?
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Chicken anemia agent (type of circovirus)
Transmitted in ovo! and horizontally |
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How does CAA cause infection?
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Chicken anemia agent rarely causes infection by itself, but with Marek's or infectious bursal can cause high mortality
Anemia by itself |
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What does CAA target?
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Chicken Anemia Agent attacks the bone marrow and thymus
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Describe Adenoviruses
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Nonenveloped, DNA
Intranuclear inclusion bodies Transmitted in secretions |
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Describe the difference between CAV-1 and CAV-2
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CAV-1 is endothelium
CAV-2 targets epithelium Antigenically distinct! |
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Which CAV type causes blue eye?
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CAV-1, endothelium and hepatic cells targeted
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Describe the spread of CAV-1
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Tonsils-> lymph nodes-> thoracic duct-> viremia-> eye, liver, kidney, other
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What causes Blue eye?
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CAV-1 causes this due to immune complexes deposited in the anterior uvea, and can also be caused by the CAV1 vaccine
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When is CAV2 a health concern?
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It can open for a secondary bacterial infection to cause Kennel Cough
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Which vaccine do we use in canine adenovirus infections?
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CAV2 because 1 can cause blue eye and CAV2 MLV can protect against both
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What is the importance of Bovine adenovirus?
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No vaccine because of 10 serotypes
Infections not very important unless in mixed |
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Which CAV is Bovine adenovirus like?
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CAV-2 because both are respiratory, endothelium targets
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When is Equine adenovirus a concern?
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When combined with CID (B and T cell deficiency) it can cause severe pneumonia, conjuctivitis and enteritis
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What cause egg drop syndrome and what is it?
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Avian adenovirus
Decreased egg production and no shells |
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What does hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys cause?
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Avian adenovirus that causes bloody diarrhead and death due to hemorrhage of intestinal villi, indirectly occurs due to death of endothelial cells
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Describe the Pox viruses
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Largest viruses, extremely stable outside of host, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Macule->papule->vesicle->pustule->ulcer |
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Describe the importance of Vaccinia Virus
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Type of poxvirus, used to be important in curing small pox but now no longer used
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What is advantageous about pox viruses?
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Lifelong immunity after exposure for the most part
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What is contagious pustular dermatitis of sheep (ORF)
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Type of pox virus
Lesions on skin/lips make suckling difficult seen in spring/summer |
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What is bovine papular stomatitis?
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Pox virus
Causes ulcerative stomatitis Major importance: can be confused with FMDV |
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What is African swine fever virus?
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Pox virus, dsDNA, very stable
ONLY DNA animal virus transmitted by arthropods Similar clinically to hog cholera |
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What is unique about african swine fever?
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only DNA virus transmitted by arthropods
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Describe the immune response of African Swine Fever virus
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Nearly 100% mortality
Infection elicits precipitating and complement fixing antibody but not neutralizing antibody |
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Describe Herpesviridae
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Enveloped DNA viruses
Intranuclear inclusion bodies Three subfamilies: alpha, beta, gamma |
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Describe Alphaherpes viruses
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Rapidly Growing
Highly lytic Latent in nervous tissue |
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Describe Betaherpes viruses
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Slow growing
Cytomegalic Latent in kidney |
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Describe Gammaherpes viruses
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Growth/transformation of lymphocytes
Latent in lymphoid tissue |
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What are the alphaherpes virus tropisms?
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Epithelium
Nervous tissue |
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What kind of disease do alphaherpes viruses cause?
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Respiratory, reproductive, CNS and multiorgan neonatal->Fatal
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Describe alphaherpes virus pathogenesis
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Primary infection always followed by persistent/latent
Lifelong infection, intermittent shedding with or without recrudescence |
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Describe Bovine Herpesvirus 1
(aka IBR) |
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus:
Respiratory disease Genital infection-> reproductive failure |
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Why is BHV1 important?
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Role in shipping fever: latently infected animal shipped-> stress causes reactivation-> susceptible cattle get shipping fever
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How is BHV1 controlled?
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Modified live vaccine- intramuscular or intranasal
Annual revaccination |
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Describe Adenoviruses
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Nonenveloped, DNA
Intranuclear inclusion bodies Transmitted in secretions |
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Describe the difference between CAV-1 and CAV-2
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CAV-1 is endothelium
CAV-2 targets epithelium Antigenically distinct! |
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Which CAV type causes blue eye?
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CAV-1, endothelium and hepatic cells targeted
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Describe the spread of CAV-1
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Tonsils-> lymph nodes-> thoracic duct-> viremia-> eye, liver, kidney, other
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What causes Blue eye?
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CAV-1 causes this due to immune complexes deposited in the anterior uvea, and can also be caused by the CAV1 vaccine
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When is CAV2 a health concern?
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It can open for a secondary bacterial infection to cause Kennel Cough
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Which vaccine do we use in canine adenovirus infections?
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CAV2 because 1 can cause blue eye and CAV2 MLV can protect against both
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What is the importance of Bovine adenovirus?
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No vaccine because of 10 serotypes
Infections not very important unless in mixed |
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Which CAV is Bovine adenovirus like?
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CAV-2 because both are respiratory, endothelium targets
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When is Equine adenovirus a concern?
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When combined with CID (B and T cell deficiency) it can cause severe pneumonia, conjuctivitis and enteritis
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Describe Malignant catarrhal fever virus
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Gammaherpes virus
Affects ruminant Death in accidental hosts |
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What are the clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?
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(Gammaherpes)
Fever Catarrh: nasal/ocular discharge Death! |
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Describe Pseudorabie
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Aka Mad Itch
Eradicated from commercial swine Present in feral swine |
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How is Pseudorabies spread?
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Aerosol, bite, ingestion
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Describe pseudorabies pathogenesis in accidental hosts
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Exposure-> neurologic infection (PRURITIS)-> death
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How is pseudorabies effect determined in swine?
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Young: multiorgan neonatal infection, high mortality!
Old: mild disease, abortion |
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How is pseudorabies controlled?
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ML vaccine with gene deleted products, allows for testing between vaccinated and wild-type infected
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How does pseudorabies have a high cost?
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Persistent infection, life long shedding
Economic losses: respiratory disease, low market value |
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Describe Canine Herpes Virus
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Common infection but uncommon cause of disease
Multiorgan neonatal infection in puppies <3 wks |
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Describe the effect of CHV on a puppy <3wks and Ab-
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Multiorgan neonatal infection, high mortality
Anorexia, diarrhea, death! |
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Describe the pathogenesis of infection of puppies in the narrow window
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Requires:
Immune naive dam CHV exposure of dam during last 3 wks of gestation of 3 wks after parturition |
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How is Canine Herpes virus unique pathogenically?
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Optimal replication at 35C (clinical sign is hypothermia)
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How could you treat CHV?
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Increase ambient temperature to ~38C (virus ideally at 35C)
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How is CHV controlled?
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No vaccines
Allow bitches to contact older dogs prior to breeding and then isolate during the susceptible period |
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Describe FHV
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aka Feline rhinotracheitis virus
Primary infection: respiratory, conjunctivits, abortion Recrudescence: keratitis, respiratory |
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How is FHV controlled?
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Modified live vaccine
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How is FHV treated?
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Supportive care: fluids, electrolytes, antibiotics
L-Lysine: suppresses FHV replication |
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What are the types of Equine herpes virus?
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EHV1: respiratory, neurologic, abortion
EHV3: genital EHV4: respiratory |
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Describe the effects of EHV1
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Equine abortion virus
Respiratory disease in foals Neurologic disease in adults |
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How does EHV1 cause abortion?
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Primary infection: cell-associated viremia in leukocytes, goes to placenta/fetus
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What brings on neurologic disease from EHV1
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Re-exposure when Ab titer is waning, type III hypersensitivity- vasculitis
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What does EHV4 cause?
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Respiratory disease in foals
Rarely: bronchopneumonia |
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How is EHV1/4 controlled?
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vaccines
Immunity short lived, vaccinate at 6 month intervals |
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What is EHV3
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Genital infection, similar to BHV1
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What is infectious laryngotracheitis?
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Herpes virus in chickens
Respiratory disease Decreased egg production |
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What are the clinical signs of infectious laryngotracheitis?
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Dyspnea
Expectoration of blood Conjunctivits Increased mortality (young) |
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Describe ILT (infectious laryngotracheitis) pathogenesis
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Aerosol exposure -> tracheal epithealial infection -> necrosis-> blood in lumen ->death
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What is Marek's disease?
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Neoplastic disease of chickens, can be confused with lymphoid leukosis
T cell tumors in sexually immature chickens <4 months |
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What are the clinical signs of Mareks?
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Paralysis!
blindness secondary infections (Often combined with CAA- chicken anemia agent, circovirus) |
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How does Mareks cause disease?
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Neurolymphomatosis: transformed t cells accumulate in nerves-> paralysis
Nerve Enlargement |
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How is Mareks controlled?
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Herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine
Modified live MDV vaccines Given in ovo 90% |
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Why is cercopithecine herpes virus a concern?
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B virus of macaques
Zoonotic with high mortality Life long shedders |
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What are the properties of transmissable spongiform ecephalopathies?
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Infectious agent is highly resistant to physical and chemical inactivation
No immune response by host Infection isn't immunosuppressive |
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How do scrapie associate prions differ from normal?
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Infectious
Insoluble Rich in B sheets Teaches normal prions to misfold |
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What is Scrapie?
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Slowly developing disease, 1-5yr incubation
Affects sheep |
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What are the clinical signs of scrapie?
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Pruritis
No fever eventually motor problems and paralysis |
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How did Scrapie occur?
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Vaccine accident
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How is scrapie transmitted?
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direct or indirect contact (infected pasute for up to years)
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What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
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Mad Cow
Spongiform lesions in brain Originated from scrapies (as was transmissable mink encephalopathy) |
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What is the relationship between BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob?
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strong connection, unknown specifics
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