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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acrocyanosis
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Cyanosis of hyaluronic acid in the corona radiata by enzymes from the heads of sperm; allows one spermatozoon to penetrate the ovum zona pellucida.
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Amniocentesis
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Removal of amniotic fluid by insertion of a needle into the amniotic sac; amniotic fluid is used to assess fetal health or maturity.
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Amniotic fluid
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The liquid surrounding the fetus in utero. It absorbs shocks, permits fetal movement, and prevents heat loss.
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Apgar score
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A scoring system used to evaluate newborns at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. The total score is achieved by assessing five signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each of the signs is assigned a score of 0, 1, or 2. The highest possible score is 10.
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Areola
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Pigmented ring surrounding the nipple of the breast.
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Baseline variability
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Changes in the fetal heart rate that result from the interplay between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
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Abruptio placentae
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Partial or total premature separation of a normally implanted placenta.
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Biophysical profile (BPP)
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Assessment of five variables in the fetus that help to evaluate fetal risk: breathing movement, body movement, tone, amniotic fluid volume, and fetal heart rate reactivity.
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Bloody show
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Pink-tinged mucous secretions resulting from rupture of small capillaries as the cervix effaces and dilates.
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Caput succedaneum
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Swelling or edema occurring in or under the fetal scalp during labor.
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Cephalhematoma
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Subcutaneous swelling containing blood found on the head of an infant several days after birth; it usually disappears within a few weeks to 2 months.
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Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
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A condition in which the fetal head is of such a shape or size, or in such a position, that it cannot pass through the maternal pelvis.
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Cervix
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The "neck" between the external os and the body of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix extends into the vagina.
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Colostrum
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Secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; contains mainly serum and white blood corpuscles. It has a high protein content, provides some immune properties, and cleanses the neonate's intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.
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Crowning
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Appearance of the presenting fetal part at the vaginal orifice during labor.
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Doula
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A supportive companion who accompanies a laboring woman to provide emotional, physical, and informational support and acts as an advocate for the woman and her family.
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Ductus venosus
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A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver; it becomes a ligament after birth.
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Duration
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The time length of each contraction, measured from the beginning of the increment to the completion of the decrement.
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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
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A condition characterized by anovulatory cycles with abnormal uterine bleeding that does not have a demonstrable organic cause.
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Dysmenorrhea
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Painful menstruation.
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Dyspareunia
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Painful intercourse.
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Dystocia
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Difficult labor due to mechanical factors produced by the fetus or the maternal pelvis or due to inadequate uterine or other muscular activity.
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Eclampsia
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Defined as the occurrence of either seizure or coma associated with pregnancy and not caused by other neurologic disease.
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Effacement
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Thinning and shortening of the cervix that occurs late in pregnancy or during labor.
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Engagement
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The entrance of the fetal presenting part into the superior pelvic strait and the beginning of the descent through the pelvic canal.
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Estimated date of birth (EDB)
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During a pregnancy, the approximate date when childbirth will occur; the "due date."
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Fallopian tubes
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Tubes that extend from the lateral angle of the uterus and terminate near the ovary; they serve as a passageway for the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and for the spermatozoa from the uterus toward the ovary. Also called oviducts and uterine tubes.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Syndrome caused by maternal alcohol ingestion and characterized by microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, short palpebral fissures, and maxillary hypoplasia.
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Fetal lie
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Relationship of the cephalocaudal axis (spinal column) of the fetus to the cephalocaudal axis (spinal column) of the woman. The fetus may be in a longitudinal or transverse lie.
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Fetus
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The child in utero from about the seventh to ninth week of gestation until birth.
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Fontanelles
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In the fetus, unossified space, or soft spots, consisting of a strong band of connective tissue lying between the cranial bones of the skull.
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Fundus
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The upper portion of the uterus between the fallopian tubes.
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Gestational age assessment tools
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Systems used to evaluate the newborn's external physical characteristics and neurologic and/or neuromuscular development to accurately determine gestational age. These replace or supplement the traditional calculation from the woman's last menstrual period.
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
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A form of diabetes of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.
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Gestation
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Period of intrauterine development from conception through birth; pregnancy.
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Gravida
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A pregnant woman.
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Hydramnios
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An excess of amniotic fluid, leading to overdistension of the uterus. Frequently seen in diabetic pregnant women, even if there is no coexisting fetal anomaly. Also called polyhydramnios.
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Hyperbilirubunemia
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Excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood; indicative of hemolytic processes due to blood incompatibility, intrauterine infection, septicemia, neonatal renal infection, and other disorders.
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Hyperemesis gravidarum
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Excessive vomiting during pregnancy, leading to dehydration and starvation.
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Hypoglycemia
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Abnormally low level of sugar in the blood.
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Incompetent cervix
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The premature dilatation of the cervix, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy.
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Intrapartum
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The time from the onset of true labor until the birth of the infant and delivery of the placenta.
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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
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Fetal undergrowth due to any etiology, such as intrauterine infection, deficient nutrient supply, or congenital malformation. A term used to describe fetuses falling below the 10th percentile in ultrasonic estimation of weight at a given gestational age. Formerly called intrauterine growth retardation.
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Jaundice
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Yellow pigmentation of body tissues caused by the presence of bile pigments. See also Physiologic jaundice.
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Kegel exercises
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Perineal muscle tightening that strengthens the pubococcygeus muscle and increases its tone.
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Lanugo
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Fine, downy hair found on all body parts of the fetus, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, after 20 weeks' gestation.
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Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, (L/S) ratio
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Lecithin and sphingomyelin are phospholipid components of surfactant; their ratio changes during gestation. When the L/S ratio reaches 2:1, the fetal lungs are thought to be mature and the fetus will have a low risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) if born at that time.
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Leopold's maneuvers
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A series of four maneuvers designed to provide a systematic approach whereby the examiner may determine fetal presentation and position.
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Lightening
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Moving of the fetus and uterus downward into the pelvic cavity.
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Linea nigra
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The line of darker pigmentation extending from the umbilicus to the pubis noted in some women during the later months of pregnancy.
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Lochia
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Maternal discharge of blood, mucus, and tissue from the uterus; may last for several weeks after birth.
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Lochia alba
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White vaginal discharge that follows lochia serosa and that lasts from about the 10th to the 21st day after birth.
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Lochia rubra
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Red, blood
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Lochia serosa
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Pink, serous, and blood
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Mastisis
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Inflammation of the breast.
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Meconum
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Dark green or black material present in the large intestine of a full
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Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)
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Respiratory disease of term, postterm, and SGA newborns caused by inhalation of meconium or meconium
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Milia
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Tiny white papules appearing on the face of a neonate as a result of unopened sebaceous glands; they disappear spontaneously within a few weeks.
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Molding
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Shaping of the fetal head by overlapping of the cranial bones to facilitate movement through the birth canal during labor.
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Monogolian spot
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Dark, flat pigmentation of the lower back and buttocks noted at birth in some infants; usually disappears by the time the child reaches school age.
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Moro reflex
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Flexion of the newborn's thighs and knees accompanied by fingers that fan, then clench, as the arms are simultaneously thrown out and then brought together, as though embracing something. This reflex can be elicited by startling the newborn with a sudden noise or movement. Also called the startle reflex.
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Nagele's rule
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A method of determining the estimated date of birth (EDB): after obtaining the first day of the last menstrual period, subtract 3 months and add 7 days.
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Nonstress test (NST)
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An assessment method by which the reaction (or response) of the fetal heart rate to fetal movement is evaluated.
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Oxytocin
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Hormone normally produced by the posterior pituitary, responsible for stimulation of uterine contractions and the release of milk into the lactiferous ducts.
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Phototherapy
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The treatment of jaundice by exposure to light.
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Placenta
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Specialized disk
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Placenta previa
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Abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterine segment. Classification of type is based on proximity to the cervical os: total
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Preeclampsia
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Toxemia of pregnancy, characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and edema. See also Eclampsia.
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Pudendal block
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Injection of an anesthetizing agent at the pudendal nerve to produce numbness of the external genitals and the lower one
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Puerperium
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The period after completion of the third stage of labor until involution of the uterus is complete, usually 6 weeks.
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Quickening
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The first fetal movements felt by the pregnant woman, usually between 16 and 18 weeks' gestation.
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Rooting reflex
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An infant's tendency to turn the head and open the lips to suck when one side of the mouth or cheek is touched.
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Rupture of membranes (ROM)
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Rupture may be PROM (premature), SROM (spontaneous), or AROM (artificial). Some clinicians may use the abbreviation RBOW (rupture of bag of waters).
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Station
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Relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the pelvic ischial spines.
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Striae
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Stretch marks; shiny reddish lines that appear on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, and buttocks of pregnant women as a result of stretching the skin.
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Umbilical cord
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The structure connecting the placenta to the umbilicus of the fetus and through which nutrients from the woman are exchanged for wastes from the fetus.
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Vernix caseosa
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A protective, cheeselike, whitish substance made up of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells that is present on the fetal skin.
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Surfactant
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A surface-active mixture of lipoproteins secreted in the alveoli and air passages that reduces surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elasticity of pulmonary tissue.
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