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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ATP
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adenosine triphosphate;
energy-storing compound found in all cells |
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study of disease
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pathology
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study of body structure
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anatomy
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study of the function of living organisms
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physiology
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the substance on which a given enzyme works
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substrate
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the bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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ionic bond
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chemical substances that usually contain a hydroxide ion (OH-) and can accept a hydrogen ion
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base
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chemical substance capable of transferring a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance
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acid
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substance formed from combining an acid and a base
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salt
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type of mixture in which the material dissolved in the solvent settles to the bottom if the mixture is not constantly shaken
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suspension
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where radioactive isotopes are frequently used?
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cancer therapy
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a mixture in which component substances are evenly distributed:
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solution
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a mixture in which component substances are NOT evenly distributed:
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suspension
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type of mixture in which molecules of an organic substance do NOT dissolve but remain evenly distributed:
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colloidal suspension
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term used for a substance that does not dissolve in water
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hydrophobic substance
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element found on the amino group of an amino acid
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nitrogen
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name for a negatively charged ion:
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anion
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name for a positively charged ion:
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cation
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Site of protein manufacture in a cell
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endoplasmic reticulum;
rough ER: sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds smooth ER: involved with lipid synthesis |
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Site that chemically processes and packages substances from the endoplasmic reticulum
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Golgi apparatus
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powerhouse of the cell
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mitochondria;
converts energy from nutrients into ATP |
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digestive system of a cell
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lysosomes
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paired hollow cylinders that function in cell production
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centrioles;
help separate chromosomes in cell division |
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hairlike extensions that move substances over cell surfaces
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cilia
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nuclear envelope contains what special structures?
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nucleolus and granules (contained in nucleoplasm)
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membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes
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peroxisomes
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location of the chromosomes in a cell
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nucleus
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makes ribosomes
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nucleolus
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role of ribosomes
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necessary for the manufacture of proteins
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid
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Word derived from the Greek word meaning 'to produce'
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gene
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The 4 main tissue groups:
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epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue |
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Kinds of epithelial tissue:
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simple squamous,
stratified squamous, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, transitional epithelium |
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Name the type of tissue found in:
bladder |
transitional epithelium (Memmler's)
epithelium that was originally thought to represent a transitional form between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium (Dorland's) stratified columnar epithelium (M-TEC notes) |
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Name the type of tissue found in:
glands and tubules of the kidney |
simple cuboidal epithelium
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Name the type of tissue found in:
lining of the stomach, intestines, respiratory tract |
simple columnar epithelium that also contain goblet cells
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Name the type of tissue found in:
lining of the mouth and esophagus |
stratified squamous epithelium
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Name the type of tissue found in:
alveoli of lungs and lining of blood and lymphatic vessels |
simple squamous epithelium
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Name the type of tissue found in:
lining of the trachea |
pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium scattered with mucus-secreting goblet cells
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most abundant type of tissue found in the body
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connective tissue, more specific, areolar connective tissue
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Name 11 systems in the body:
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integumentary system,
circulatory system, lymphatic system, endocrine system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, skeletal system, nervous system, muscular system |
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Name the organs that belong to more than one system:
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thymus: lymphatic and endocrine systems
pancreas: digestive (secondary) and endocrine ovaries & testes: endocrine & reproductive systems |
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all cells (except sex cells) divide by a process known as:
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mitosis
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programmed cell death is called:
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apoptosis
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the passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane due to force on one side:
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filtration
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the movement of materials across a plasma membrane in the direction of the concentration gradient using transporters to move at a faster rate
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facilitated diffusion
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type of microscope commonly used in laboratories:
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compound microscope
(magnifies x 1,000) |
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type of microscope that uses electron beam as the light source and magnifys up to 1 million times:
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transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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type of microscope that gives a 3-D view of an object
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scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(magnification: 100,000x) |
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metric unit used for microscopic measurements
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micrometer
1/1000 of a millimeter (micron) |
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heredity factor
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gene
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genetic material of the cell
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DNA
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building block of RNA & DNA
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nucleotides
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mucus-secreting cells:
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goblet cells
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type of tissue lining the digestive tract:
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simple columnar epithelium that also contains goblet cells
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Name the 3 classifications of connective tissue based on their distribution and function:
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circulating connective tissue;
generalized connective tissue; structural connective tissue |
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type of tissue lining the uterine tubes:
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columnar epithelium cells with dark nuclei
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type of tissue lining the vagina
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stratified squamous epithelium
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Name the most common type of connective tissue:
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areolar tissue (soft, jelly-like matrix found in membranes, around organs & vessels, between muscles, and under the skin.
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what type of tissue are blood & lymph classified as:
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circulating connective tissue
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what type of tissue are tendons, ligaments, & capsules surrounding organs classified as:
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generalized connective tissue (which supports & protects)
contains various densities of fibers |
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What type of tissue is mainly associated with the skeleton, (bones, cartilage):
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structural connective tissue
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Name the 3 types of generalized connective tissue:
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loose connective tissue;
dense connective tissue; elastic connective tissue |
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Name the 2 types of loose connective tissue:
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areolar &
adipose |
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Name the 2 types of dense connective tissue:
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irregular dense &
regular dense |
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What is the type of fiber in dense connective tissue & other connectives tissues:
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collogen, a flexible white protein
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type of connective tissue that makes up capsules around certain organs, such as kidney, liver, and some glands:
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irregular dense connective tissue
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type of connective tissue that makes up tendons & ligaments:
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regular dense connective tissue (regular, parallel alignment like strands on a cable--can pull in one direction)
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type of connective tissue found in vocal cords, respiratory passageways, & walls of blood vessels
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elastic connective tissue (stretches & returns to original length)
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Name the 3 types of cartilage:
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hyaline (gristle-ends of long bones, tip of nose, larynx;
fibrocartilage (between vertebra, knee, between hip bones; elastic (outer ear) |
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type of tissue that composes bone:
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osseous tissue
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Name the 3 types of muscle tissue:
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skeletal muscle;
smooth muscle; cardiac muscle |
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Which muscle is voluntary:
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skeletal muscle
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Which muscle is involuntary:
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smooth muscle
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technical name of specialized membranes between cells of cardiac muscle
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intercalated disks
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Name 3 types of (passive) movement of cells across a plasma membrane that do not require cellular energy:
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diffusion;
filtration; facillitated diffusion; osmosis |
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movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration
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diffusion
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special type of diffusion that applies specifically to water
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osmosis
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in osmosis, what does the term "solute" refer to?
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the particles suspended in the water
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in osmosis, what does the term "solvent" refer to?
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the water
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in osmosis, which way will the water move?
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from an area of lower concentration of solute to one of greater concentration of solute. The greater concentration will draw water in
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type of bond in which the atoms between 2 molecules are shared:
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covalent
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in nervous tissue, the type of fiber that carries the messages in the form of nerve impulses TO the nerve cell body:
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dendrite
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the type of fiber that carries nerve imulses away from the nerve cell body:
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axon
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"insulation" of an axon
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myelin
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which nerve fibers are myelinated?
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some, but not all, axons.
neither dendrites nor cell bodys are covered with myelin. |
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Why is the brain referred to as "gray matter"?
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nerve cell fibers and bodies NOT covered with myelin appear gray, and there are large groups of unmyelinated nerve cells in the brain, so it is referred to as gray matter (even though it is really white)
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What is the role of neuroglia?
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protection--they do not transmit nerve impulses
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another name for 'neuroglia':
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glial cells
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word derived from the Greek word meaning "glue"
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glial;
from the Greek word 'glia' |
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the basic unit of the nervous system:
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neuron
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function of the neuron:
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carries nerve impulses
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the nonconducting support cells of the nervous system:
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neuroglia or glial cells
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Name the 3 types of epithelial membranes:
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serous membranes;
mucous membranes; cutaneous membranes |
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membranes that lines the tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body
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mucous membranes
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membranes that line the walls of body cavities and are folded back onto the surface of internal organs, forming their outermost layer:
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serous membranes
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the thin epithelium of serous membranes that is smooth and glistening:
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mesothelium
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Name the 3 serous membranes:
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the pleurae (or pleuras);
the serous pericardium; & the peritoneum |
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Inner layer of a serous membrane:
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visceral layer
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outer layer of a serous membrane:
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parietal (meaning wall--attaches the organ to the wall of the cavity in which it is found.
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internal organs are collectively known as:
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viscera
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the area between the parietal layer and the visceral layer:
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the potential space;
there actually isn't a space here unless inflammation & fluid buildup occur (that's why it is called 'potential' |
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the term that refers to the mucous membrane of an organ:
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mucosa
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
that line the joint cavities & ends of long bones, and secrete lubricating fluid that reduces the friction |
synovial membranes
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord |
meninges
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
continuous sheet of tissue that supports organs and holds them in place |
superficial fascia
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
that covers, separates, and protects skeletal muscle |
deep fascia
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
forms the cavity around the heart |
fibrous pericardium
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
the membrane around bone |
periosteum
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superficial fascia is also known as:
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subcutaneous fascia (because it is located just beneath the skin)
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Name the specific connective tissue membrane:
membrane around cartilage |
perichondrium
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Name 2 connective tissue diseases:
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
& rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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type of tissue where cells are separated by large amounts of acellular material called matrix
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connective tissue
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the outer layer of the brain
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gray matter
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a type of connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers.
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areolar tissue
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another name for areolar tissue:
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Called also cribriform tissue and loose connective tissue
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