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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Preface & Quoting the Ancestors
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Ethnographies are written by cultural anthopologists.
Keith Basso, did not do armchair anthropology, participant observation. |
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Wisdom Sits in Places: Where? When? Why?
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Where? cibique, arizona
When? 69s and 70s published in '96 Why/ Fascinated by culture, going to make maps, about meaning behind places for the apache. doesn't want people to know where sites are. |
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How did Basso "give back" to the Apache?
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Basso created maps & gave them to the Apache, he received no professional merit for his maps, and thats one way anthropologists can give back. Creation events tie the apache back to their grounds.
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Place- Making
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Has to do with our curiosity about the place, how we think about places. Place worlds - are the fleshing out of historical material. We are, in a sense, the place-worlds we imagine. Places, things we like to imagine talk about who we are.
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The First problem Keith Runs into -
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Keith can't pronounce name correctly. charlie gets upset because the word is sacred and deserving of respected.
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Story: Water Lies with Mud in an Open Container
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Told in present tense although its in ancient past. Imagining as if the ancestors were alive. Illustrates how people think/interpret the culture. Makes ancestors active agents in the lives of people.
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Story: Snake's Water
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People went to Snake's water to fill their containers. The man in front saw that there were snakes lying on the rocks. The snakes protected and owned the spring. The man asked people to wait until he talk to the snakes and ask them to move away. The move away, and he sprinkles something on the water, a gift to thank them for the water.
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Story: Snake's Water - Morals
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Morals to the story, respect for animals.
Water as a main resource. |
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Story: Juniper Tree Stands Alone
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People searched all over the land for somewhere to settle down and grow corn. They planted corn in Juniper Tree Stands alone and there was plenty of corn. The fields had 'looked after them' so they decided to name themselves Juniper Tree Stands Alone People.
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Story: Shades of Shit
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One village produced crops, and the neighboring one didn't. When they asked for crops because they were starving, they denied them food. The village got mad and forced them to stay at home. They were forced to defecate at home and their homes filled up with shit. They nearly died, and finally agreed to share the corn.
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Importance of Stories
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Each story is concerned with disruptive social acts. Everyday life gone out of control. Each concludes with a reminder that trouble would not have occurred if people had behaved as they should. Highlights the anguish of those who erred and the depth of their regret.
Country/landscape takes on a different cast or strength of meaning that it didn't have before. |
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Why do Apaches find Western History dull?
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a place with no story has no base (foundation). What matters is where events occurred, not when. Basic aim to is to instill empathy & admiration for the ancestors themselves.
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Cosmology & The Apache
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"White men need paper maps, we have maps in our minds." Apache have maps in mind. They understand mental life by investigating geographical names.
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Constructing Place-Names
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They enjoy using and saying place names. They sometimes repeat different place names to themselves and recite them for fun. They usually take the form of complete sentences.
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What are the four types of Narrative?
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Myths, Historical Tales, Sagas, and Gossip Stories.
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Describe the Myth Narrative:
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Events that occurred in "the beginning". Medicine men or medicine women are only able to tell & perform myths. Deals with universe and all things within it. They are told with the purpose of enlightenment and instruction. They are usually hours long.
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Describe Historical Tales:
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Both pre-contact (before european colonial contact) and post reservation (1872). Intended to edify, they are vehicles of personal criticism, they focus on serious and disturbing matters, place-names are said in the opening and closing of the story and they are usually hours long.
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Describe Gossip Stories:
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Reports on other members of the community. Keep people informed of local developments. Ridicule and malign the character of their subjects.
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Describe the Formula for a Historical Tale:
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Repeating the name at opening and closing of story frames the narrative. Mark it as belonging to the genre. Whomever is telling the story is hunting someone (stalking). Evoke a physical setting in which the listeners can imaginatively situate everything that happens.
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Describe "Big CottonWood Trees Stand Here and There"
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Women who was killed by Pinas because she interfered in her daughters marriage.
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Describe Story "Coarse Textured Rocks Lie Above in a Compact Cluster"
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Child molestation is not okay, although he is her step-dad it is still considered incestuous. The Maternal uncle killed the man; important familial relationships.
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Describe Story " Men Stand Above Here & There"
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Moral: Dont act like a white man, you stick with your people you protect your people. The apache kill other cows because his family is starving.
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Stories & People
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Every historical tale is also "about" the person at whom it is directed. Telling is prompted by an individual. Intended as critical, a lasting bond is usually created with the person who the story is directed at.
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Stalking with Stories - Grandma
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Grandma stalks her daughter with Men Stand above here and there because once her daughter wore pink curlers to a ceremonial event where girls were to have hair lose.
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Goal of Stalking with Stories
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Psychological impact on a person. May produce quick and palpable effects. May establish highly meaningful relationships between individuals and features of the natural landscape.
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What do the Apache Say about Stories?
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(pg. 58) Nick Thompson-- This is what we know about our stories. They go to work on your mind and make you think about your life.
"We know it happened, so we know not to act like that man who died. It's good we have that water, we need it to live. Its good that have that spring too. We need it to live right." page 70 |
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Apache & landscape
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"Thus transformed, landscapes and the places hat fill them become tools for the imagination, expressive means for accomplishing verbal deeds, and also, of course, eminently portable possessions to which individuals can maintain deep and abiding attachments, regardless of where they travel.
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The ethnographic challenge is..
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The ethnographic challenge is to fathom what it is that a particular landscape, filled to brimming with past and present significance, can be called upon to "say", and what, through the saying, it can be called upon to "do."
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Speaking with names is ..
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Much of what gets said and done is attributed to unseen Apache ancestors who are prompted by the voices of conversational participants to communicate in a collective voice that no one actually hears. all in all, the practice of "speaking with names" is a subtle and subterranean affair.
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What does it mean to give someone pictures
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Thinking occurs in the form of pictures that people see in their minds. Like adding stones to a partially finished wall.Laying bricks upon the foundation of a house. Involves piling up of new materials onto like materials already in place. rounding up livestock, and invitation to exercise the imagination. (p.86)
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Listening & Insult
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The Apache speak in a multitude of ways, but none is more basic than the courtesy speakers display by refraining from 'speaking too much'.
Persons who speak too much insult the imaginative capabilities of other people, blocking their thinking & holding down their minds. |
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Describe Vantage Point
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described as being in front of the site. Where ancestors once were. In positioning peoples minds to look forward into space, a plane name also positions their minds to look backward into time. 89
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Appropriate Time - For Apache (speaking with names)
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Speaking with names is appropriate under certain conditions. Conditions tend to occur infrequently and only when ancestral knowledge seems applicable, and when voicing ones thought it might be take as arrogance, critical disapproval, or lack of sympathetic understanding.
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What does Speaking with names DO
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- Produce mental image of a location.
- Evoke prior texts - Affirm values and validity of traditional moral precepts - Display tactful and courteous attention - Convey sentiments of charitable concern and personal support. - Offer practical advice - Transform distressing thoughts - Heal wounded spirits |
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Place names can represent..
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By virtue of their role as spatial anchors in traditional apache narratives, place-names can be made to represent the narratives themselves, summarising them, as it were, and condensing into compact form their essential moral truths.
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On the pictoral wings of place-names
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imaginations soar.
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What is wisdom for the Apache?
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Thinking about places will make you wise. "Wisdom sits in places. It's like water that never dries up. You need to drink water to stay alive, dont you? Well, you also need to drink from places. You must remember everything about them. you must learn their names. You must remember what happened at them long ago. You must think about it and keep on thinking about. Then your mind will become smoother and smoother. Then you will see danger before it happens. You will walk a long way and live a long time. you will be wise. People will respect you."
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Apache Wisdom
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heightened mental capacity that facilitates the avoidance of harmful events by detecting threatening circumstances when none are apparent.
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What are the components of Apache Wisdom?
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Smoothness of mind
Resilience of mind Steadiness of mind |
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Smoothness of Mind
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Primary mental condition
texture of smooth and even surfaces sense of cleared space or area free of obstructions. smooth minds are unobstructed, uncluttered, and unfettered. Permits a wise person to observe and reason with penetrating clarity. 131 |
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Resilience of Mind
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Sense of hard surface which resists damage and destruction from outside forces.
Resistant to unnerving effects of jarring external. Shielding. Fear and alarm are the greatest threats. Dont give into panic or crippling worry. |
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Steadiness of Mind
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Removes the sources of internal distractions.
Steady as a post that is driven firmly into the ground. Relinquishing all thought of personal superiority. Steady minds are unhampered by feelings of arrogance or pride, anger or vindictiveness, jealousy or lust. |
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Attaining Apache Wisdom
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Every Apache can legitimately aspire to wisdom.
Drink from places, then you can work on your mind. Places are visually unique, they serve as excellent vehicles for recalling useful knowledge. |
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Practicing Wisdom
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Picturing in one's mind the exact location where the narrated events unfolded.
Imagining oneself as actually taking part in them. " As Apache men and women set about drinking from places--as they acquire knowledge of their natural surroundings, commit it to permanent memory, and apply it productively to the workings of heir minds--they show by their actions that their surroundings live in them." 146 |
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The Culture of Food
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- Food is cultural.
- Food is more than simply nutrition. - Food = identity. |
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Turkish Breakfast
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Bread, tomato, cucumber olives, feta cheese, hard boiled egg, tea
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Attaining Apache Wisdom
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Every Apache can legitimately aspire to wisdom.
Drink from places, then you can work on your mind. Places are visually unique, they serve as excellent vehicles for recalling useful knowledge. |
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Japanese Breakfast
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Miso soup, steamed spinach, rice, grilled salmon, and tea.
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Practicing Wisdom
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Picturing in one's mind the exact location where the narrated events unfolded.
Imagining oneself as actually taking part in them. " As Apache men and women set about drinking from places--as they acquire knowledge of their natural surroundings, commit it to permanent memory, and apply it productively to the workings of heir minds--they show by their actions that their surroundings live in them." 146 |
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Attaining Apache Wisdom
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Every Apache can legitimately aspire to wisdom.
Drink from places, then you can work on your mind. Places are visually unique, they serve as excellent vehicles for recalling useful knowledge. |
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The Culture of Food
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- Food is cultural.
- Food is more than simply nutrition. - Food = identity. |
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Practicing Wisdom
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Picturing in one's mind the exact location where the narrated events unfolded.
Imagining oneself as actually taking part in them. " As Apache men and women set about drinking from places--as they acquire knowledge of their natural surroundings, commit it to permanent memory, and apply it productively to the workings of heir minds--they show by their actions that their surroundings live in them." 146 |
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Turkish Breakfast
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Bread, tomato, cucumber olives, feta cheese, hard boiled egg, tea
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The Culture of Food
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- Food is cultural.
- Food is more than simply nutrition. - Food = identity. |
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Japanese Breakfast
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Miso soup, steamed spinach, rice, grilled salmon, and tea.
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Turkish Breakfast
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Bread, tomato, cucumber olives, feta cheese, hard boiled egg, tea
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Japanese Breakfast
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Miso soup, steamed spinach, rice, grilled salmon, and tea.
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Attaining Apache Wisdom
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Every Apache can legitimately aspire to wisdom.
Drink from places, then you can work on your mind. Places are visually unique, they serve as excellent vehicles for recalling useful knowledge. |
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Practicing Wisdom
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Picturing in one's mind the exact location where the narrated events unfolded.
Imagining oneself as actually taking part in them. " As Apache men and women set about drinking from places--as they acquire knowledge of their natural surroundings, commit it to permanent memory, and apply it productively to the workings of heir minds--they show by their actions that their surroundings live in them." 146 |
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The Culture of Food
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- Food is cultural.
- Food is more than simply nutrition. - Food = identity. |
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Turkish Breakfast
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Bread, tomato, cucumber olives, feta cheese, hard boiled egg, tea
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Japanese Breakfast
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Miso soup, steamed spinach, rice, grilled salmon, and tea.
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Bhutanese Breakfast
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Rice, dried yak meat, and buter tea. (tea, salt, butter, and baking soda) Poor = rice with pepper curry mixed with cheese.
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Dutch Breakfast
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Pork wheat bread, cold ham and a variety of cheeses, butter, and ham
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Ivory coast Breakfast
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Foufou, or cooked yams pounded into a ball, with a sauce or corn porridge sweetened with ripe bananas.
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Thanksgiving
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Quintessential American meal... or is it? Canadian Thanksgiving (month)
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McDonalds in Japan
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Inttroduce in 1971 By Den Fujita, a college student at the University of Tokyo
1.3 million dollar investment Location: Ginza |
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Mcdonalds Menu in Japan
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- rice,
- teryaki burger - fried egg burger - sea food (look at kris' notes for this day) Standard ____ plus: Mac Chao Curried Rice Moon viewing Burger Tofu bar Hot dog burgers shrimp burgers chicken teriyaki sandwiches green tea milkshakes |
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Cultural meanings of food (rice & meat)
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- Rice = metaphor for jap. identity.
Rice plants said to purify & water. (look this up) Meat -- Westeners represented as meat eaters. Meat characteristic of Western diet and thus of barbarian cultures. |
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Japanese food as fast food
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1. usually served at room temp (except rice.
2. All cources tend to be served at once. |
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Traditional Jap. Lunch
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Bento: Boxed Lunch.
Single portion of rice, beef, and pickled vegetable. Bento sold in stores. To create bento is considered a standard skill. highly artistic. |
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Mcdonalds & Japan
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Does not compete with bento market. Mcds considered snack, not full meal. any food with bread is considered "filling". Rice is considered filling.
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Can compete with non-rice foods
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- Pizza.
- Traditional Jap. pizza topp - Party food for young people. - Shared. |
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Why is mcd not a meal, but snack?
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- absence of rice.
- presence of meat acts as a traditional deterrent. - role of food = creating sense of community. |
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Food & creation of community in japan
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- foods have roles in ritual and daily life
- bring people together into community - sharing and eating the same kinds of food together. rice= paramount in this role all other foods served seperately, served in common container, served to each person by femaled head of household. special serving spatula |
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Japanese Manners
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- do not touch food with your hands.
- hands dirty even after washing. - hands = liminal space - |
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How do Japs eat mcds?
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no change in table manners
dont eat while standing, but it has become popular to eat while standing. similar to noodle houses, tradition has changed. |
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impact of mcds on japan
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not a large impact on jap. culture.
mcd eating style has had impact. |
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Kressel Article - What are family honor killings? How do anthropologists look at this issue ethically?
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Honor killings to preserve family honor. cannot look at murders as culturally realistic. honor killing is not related to islam. basic right to life trumps everything.
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Film: Crimes of Honor
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Setting: Modern Jordan
Tribal codes from Africa - Women's body = Property of Family - every 2 weeks/ 1 woman killed (prison protects them) - they can only be released if a male relative guarantees her safety. Some of them end up wanting to die. |
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Rania Arifat
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She didn't want to marry her cousin, whom she was given to at birth.She started going to college and began to realize that there are other ways to live their lives.She couldnt marry him because she felt he was a brother.
Ran away two weeks before wedding. escaped and found man she loved. was hiding for 2 months with boyfriend. once a girl leaves, she is dead.she wrote letters to her family, a television show talked about rania, and her family phoned in saying they just wanted her to go home and they wouldnt kill her. she returns home and is shot 5 times. |
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Amahl
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took off headscarf, wanted a boyfriend, signed papers saying the wont kill her. The first time they didnt kill her. she was married for four months then left, came back and demanded freedom. was strangled while citing the koran. her family considered it an act of God. honor is equivalent to wealth.
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what options do women have?
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family kills them
imprisoned placed in medical institution |
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who is doing the honor killings?
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men in the family, women set up reonvevous, and facilitate killings.
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What is militarism?
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belief that gov. should have strong military capabilities and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend/promote national interest.Involves glorification of the military or of a military class within a society.
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Would you call American society militaristic? Evidence.
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yellow ribbon bumper sticker.
commercials video games (call of duty) - pledge of allegiance - standing armies (marine, navy, air force). - stockpiling of weaponry - state surveillance programs - colonization of research ( crux of colonialism = who is in power?) |
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militarism & knowledge creation
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In militarized societies, war
is always on our minds, even if we are technically at peace. No one in the world today is untouched by militarism. However, given the enormous range of local experiences of the phenomenon from the immiserated war refugee of the Congo to the suburban American happily watching Saving Private Ryan on his flat panel living room TV, it may be as appropriate to speak of militarisms as of militarism. |
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rise of area studies
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skewing our understanding.
1970s no studies done on vietnam -mostly focused on latin american and africa. a lot of it depends on political conditions japanese interment camps used as evident. |
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Human Nature
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implicates human beings are hard wired to do. nature vs nurture.
nature - refers to human nature (cannot be changed). nurture - refers to culture (is taught and learned, can change) |
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Are human beings by nature (war-like)?
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if war is cultural, it is learned, it changes and can be changed.
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Freud / Einstein argued
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argues war is essential to human nature.
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Margaret Mead (stud. of boaz) believed..
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While violence might be universal/ part of human nature was is cultural institution. (doesnt have to be this way).
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