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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Define what is meant by 'hypothesis'. |
A testable statement, which the experimenter tries to prove or disprove. It must contain variables and be operationalised. |
What must it contain? |
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Define what is meant by 'validity' |
Refers to the accuracy of what the researcher is testing/measuring. Also refers to the accuracy of the findings (IV affecting DV) |
Accuracy (2 things) |
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Define what us meant by 'laboratory experiment'. |
Takes place in controlled, artificial settings. Follows standardised procedures. Manipulation of variables allows for causal relationship. |
What kind of environment? What kind of procedures? What can be established? |
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Explain one advantage of a laboratory experiment. |
Due to high control, a causal relationship can be established. We are more certain that the IV caused the DV. |
Control |
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Explain one disadvantage of a laboratory experiment. |
Takes place under artificial settings, doesn't affect real life settings so the participants may behave differently in these settings. |
Ecological validity |
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What is content validity and how could it be assessed? |
Whether the researcher is measuring what is intended and making sure things are clear with no misunderstanding. |
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One advantage of using random sampling. |
The target population have an equal chance of selection, uses objective method of selection. |
Objective method of selection. |
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What is a confounding variable? |
A variable which affects the DV which the experimenter cannot control. |
Out of control: weather, time, characteristics |
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When is it appropriate to use a Mann Whitney U Test? |
When there's ordinal data and independent measures are used. |
Test of comparison between data from two experimental conditions |
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What does 'lack of informed consent' mean in psychology? |
When the research fails to inform the participants of the full purpose of the research. |
Purpose of the research. |
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What does 'failure to protect from psychological harm' mean in psychology? |
Researcher failing to protect participants from embarrassment, anxiety or stress. |
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Define what is meant by 'case study'. |
A detailed description and interpretation of one's behaviour. Uses qualitative methods. |
Description/inshight |
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Advantage of a case study |
Emphasises the uniqueness of the individual, qualitative data gives insight on behaviour |
Uniqueness and insight |
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Disadvantage of a case study |
Qualitative data cannot be generalised, also behaviour can be misinterpreted by researcher (bias) |
Generalisation and misinterpretation |
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Advantage of content analysis |
Identify trends and patterns, it also reduces qualitative data into quantitative one |
What does it identify an what can it convert? |
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Define what is meant by 'reliability'. |
Refers to how consistent the results collected from research are, can also refer to the consistency of the measuring tool (internal reliability) |
Results and measuring tools used |
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One issue affecting the validity of interpretation in case study. |
Lack of scientific method / subjective interpretation |
Lacking method/nature of interpretation |
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One issue affecting the validity of retrospective study. |
The time in which they have to recall / whether they have accurately recalled |
Must be contextualised
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Advantage of qualitative data |
In-depth information, useful and specific - leading to more research |
Specific |
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Disadvantage of qualitative data |
Lacking objectivity and difficult to analyse, affected by researcher's viewpoint |
Analysing |
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What is meant by 'qualitative data'? |
Non-numerical and descriptive data, providing insight into behaviour |
Descriptive and insightful |
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What does 'deception' mean in psychology? |
When the researcher misleads or withholds any information about the research from the participants. |
Information about the research |
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What does 'confidentiality' mean in psychology? |
Keeping the participant's personal information private and secure. |
Things such as names and results from the research. |
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Advantage of using interview in psychological research. |
They allow for detailed answers, and a large amount of information can be collected. |
Qualitative |
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Disadvantage of using interview in psychological research. |
Can be unreliable and affected by social desirability bias. |
Caring what people think and inconsistency |
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Define what is meant by 'open questions'. |
Questions which allow respondents to answer in any way they wish, and expand on it. |
Qualitative |
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Define what is meant by 'closed questions'. |
Questions where the participant chooses from a set of answers, such as 'yes' or 'no' |
Quantitative |
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An advantage on an open question |
There are fewer constraints on the answers as opposed to closed questions |
Allows the interviewee to elaborate |
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Define what is meant by 'quota sampling'. |
The target population is divided into subgroups, the sample is then chosen in proportion to the target pop |
What is the target population divided into? |
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Advantage of quota sampling |
Representative of the target population if quota is filled and there is less researcher bias |
Less of what kind of bias? What happens if the quota is filled? |
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Disadvantage of quota sampling |
Sample can still be biased and it's not always possible to fill the quota (not enough participants willing to take part) |
What happens if it's not possible to fill the quota? |
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What is meant by 'inter-rater reliability'? |
Having two or more researchers collecting data in a consistent manner |
Using a coding system for example |
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Define 'repeated measures'. |
Using the same participants in two or more conditions in research |
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Advantage of using repeated measures |
Eliminates individual differences seeing as the same participants are used |
What does the use of the same participants allow? |
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Disadvantage of using repeated measures |
Practice effects such as fatigue and boredom can occur, having to do the same thing more than once |
What sort of effects? (boredom, fatigue...) |
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Define 'concurrent validity'. |
Validating a measurement by comparing it with an established measurement that has known validity. |
What is the measurement compared with? |
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Define what is meant by 'opportunity sampling'? |
Using participants available at the time and place |
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Disdvantage of opportunity sampling |
Researcher bias, researcher likely to approach those that are helpful, it is also unlikely to be representative of the target population |
Unrepresentative and researcher bias |
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Meaning of results being found 'significant at the 5% level'. |
The probability that the results are down to chance is 5% or less. |
Result being down to chance |
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What is meant by 'ratio level data'? |
Data which has fixed units of measurement throughout the range; has a meaningful zero points |
Data such as time and temperature |