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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Collins "Toward a New Vision: Race, Class and Gender..."
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- "both/and" categories (Simultaneous and linked)
- Plantation model - Institutional, Symbolic (stereotypes linked with people), Individual |
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Glenn "The social Construction and Institutionalization of gender and race"
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- Thesis: Our society is divided into hierarchically ranked groups. Loss in privilege of some directly linked to gain in privilege of others.
- Race and Gender are not totally biological or totally constructed - constantly shifting categories - binary white vs. colored - category is important for control! |
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Gomez "The Event of Becoming"
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- "We are not single issue people, so why would we put ourselves into single issue groups?"
- Culture reinforces the reduction of identity |
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Linguistic Sexism
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when language devalues a particular sex (i.e. universal “man” to mean human)
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Semantic Derrogation
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when a term that is originally neutral obtains a negative connotation (i.e. mistress, spinster)
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Reflection Hypothesis
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assumption that media reflects societal values
- we influence the media |
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Role Learning Theory
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sexist and racist images in the media have social ramifications because media acts as a role model and societal values stem from media
- media influences us |
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Postmodernist Feminist Theory on Media
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emphasizes the interplay between media and personal agency, media must resonate with viewers, but also can exaggerate and simplify. Has a dimension of social construction.
- people dont always internalize things |
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McPhee
"A Mothers Name" |
- story of Italian woman
- Demeans father to pass mothers name onto son - Connection between names and identities for women is nonexistent because women are assumed to lose name when they marry - Husband seen as a "saint" because of it |
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Popovic
"The Game of the Name" |
- easy for women to change name after marriage but not for men
- Institutional discrimination |
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Clute
"No Girls Allowed" |
- People who don't work out hard a "girls"
- animalistic language - girls are subordinate to "man" - Clute is an equal opportunity offender by referring to men as "girls" as well |
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"Misogyny and Double Standards"
Generation M |
- Rap culture: popular to trash women
- 200,000 rape cases anually, 1 in 6 women will be sexually harassed - Deeply rooted acceptance of sexism - Grand Theft Auto, Eminem |
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Coates
"Conversatinal Dominance in Mixed Talk" |
- Conversational dominance: to hold power by not following rules of conversation – no overlap, no gaps, turn taking
- Rule breaking: hogging the floor - Gender trumps social status when it comes to dominance - Stereotype of chatty women has effect of silencing women, what they have to say is unimportant - Women work harder to keep conversation going (i.e. positive attention), women do “conversational shitwork” |
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Martin
"The Egg and the Sperm" |
- Language in science shapes scientific reality
- Many texts refer to fertilization like a fairytale, which has repercussions (abortion) - Female reproduction seen as wasteful - sometimes even don't tell whole truth in order to keep gender roles |
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Structural Diversity Model of Families
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- framework for understanding families that focuses on the changing dynamics of race, class and gender as they influence family forms
- need to start considering family forms outside the nuclear family |
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Family and Medical Leave Act (Clinton)
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- Three months of leave without risk of losing job
- unpaid |
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Hochschild
"The Second Shift" |
- Women do most of the housework
- lightning rod for tension in couples - Leisure gap - Couples should share responsibilities - Men try to suppress womanly part of themselves - Solutions: Men move into domestic sphere and women start to work |
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Coontz
"The American Family" |
- People are nostalgic about the past (1950s) when in reality it was not a perfect time
- all relative - "Censorship, coercion, discrimination" - Fear that families are going downhill but in reality, they are just becoming more diverse - institutions havent changed, however |
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Gonnerman
"The Unforgiven" |
- Shelley Hendrickson
- Those with more money get better lawyers - institutions disadvantage women - Why dont you just leave? (Increased violence, dependence, isolation) |
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Kimmel
"Gender of Violence" |
- Why is violence so present in men..
(public display, socialized to violence) - US has highest rape incidence rate - solution...curb gender inequalities (symptom vs. disease) |
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Sin by Silence
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- California Institute for Women
- Every 9 seconds a woman is beaten - Convicted Women Against Abuse (CWAA) - "Silence is a Killer" - Need to reform judicial system (Battered Women Syndrome) |
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Gender Segregation
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a pattern in which men and women are situated in different jobs in the labor force
- women are concentrated in jobs such as RN's, librarians etc |
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Internal Gender Segregation
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Within occupations, women and men are often separated into different spheres
- In the field of education, women are 98% of preschool and kindergarten teachers but only 46% of college and university teachers |
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Overt Discrimination
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o Not paying someone an equal wage because of gender, race, sexuality etc.
o Banned by Title VII of Civil Rights Bill |
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Covert Discrimination
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Institutional Bias
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Human Capital Theory
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- assumes that, in competitive economic systems, wage differences reflect differences in human capital
- Differences in pay reflect differences in productivity. Thus, women are less productive |
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Dual Labor Market
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- Primary vs secondary labor markets
o The idea that where people work is more indicative of economic status than what their characteristics are |
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Welfare Reform
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-Total lifetime cap of 5 years
- must find job within 2 years of getting on welfare |
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Equal Pay Act
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o “first federal legislation enacted requiring equal pay for equal work.”
o equal interpreted as identical (if guy and girl not doing exactly the spme people still find justification) |
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Comparable Worth
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“Paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving comparable levels of skill.”
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Feiner
"How to Think Like a Feminist Economist" |
- Taxes hit Women Harder
- Economics does not recognize gender asymmetry - payroll taxes hit women hardest, regressive |
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Why Do we have wage gap
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hiring, promotion and pay (discrimination)
sexual harassment (job turnover) occupational segregation taxing motherhood (poverty) undervaluing women workers |
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Who is Affected by the Wage Gap
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- Gap increased with age
- Highest discrepency = professionals - African American women = 68 cents to mans dollar and Hispanics = 57 cents |
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Ideas for Improvement (Crittendon)
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- paid maternity leave
- true economic unity with social security - childcare - Unpaid household labor added to GDP |
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Zones "Beauty Myths and Realities and Their Impact on Women's Health"
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- Costs of Beauty: cosmetic surgery, weight loss etc
- social pressures - women more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety (12 years old these rates start rising) - eating disorders - young and white = ideal - large market around it |
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Half the Sky
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- Fistulas
- female, poor, rural - one maternal death per minute - midwives - important - ireland is the safest place to give birth |
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Idealized Beauty
Genderation M |
- Television was introduced to women in Fiji - cult of thinness
- 444% increase in cosmetic surgery - don't do it for male attention, do it because of society |
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Stiritz
Cultural Cliteracy |
- What an adequately educated person should know about the clitoris
- clitoris as target of aggression (mutilation) - Women's liberation expanded anatomical representations of the clitoris - consciousness of clitoris empowers women |
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Collins
Black Sexual Politics |
- black sexuality is wild and savage (makes them subordinate and less than human compared to whites)
- target of aggression - they live in a sexual society dealing with sexual repression |
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Lorde
Uses of the Erotic |
Erotic "the personification of love in all its respects"
- often confused with pornography, which actually belittles women - The erotic is liberating for women and scary for men |
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Griswold v Connecticut
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- made birth control lgal to married people, 1972
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Roe v Wade
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- 1973 Abortion is made legal
- 1st trimester - everyone has right - 2nd trimester - states can pass laws restricting but cannot deny - 3rd trimester - only to preserve health of mother |
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From Midwives to Obstetrics
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-- men took over the practice of giving birth
- unnecessary c sections for money - see the body as a machine - reproduction control is a facade for population control |
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Fried
Abortion in the US - Legal but Inaccessible" |
- learnfare, workfare, bridefare, contraceptive fare, minorfare
- Not very easy to get abortions - stigma, threats, lack of knowledge |
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Hyde Amendment
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prohibits federal Medicaid funding except in cases of life endangerment
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Half the Sky and Abortion
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- Global Gag rule = BAD
- need to encourage sex education, contraceptives, family planning - will reduce aids and number of abortions |
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Shapiro
Campus Rape Victims, A Struggle for Justice |
- 1 in 5 college women are sexually assaulted
- most stay quiet - Colleges see their role as for education, not justice |
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Clery Act
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forces schools to disclose all crime on campus, hasnt been enforced well
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A lack of consequences for sexual assault
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- in this story, a boy was only suspended for the summer semester
- despite other evidence he wasnt convicted for more - in "he said she said" issues, he always wins - Violators are protected - emotional and physical affects on women |
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Anderson
Sexual harassment, purely academic? |
- unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of unequal power
- Causes: learned modes of interaction, institutional causes (ratios, tolerance), societal - cant get out |
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Quid Pro Quo
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"This for that"
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Hostile environment
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unwanted sexual advances which create intimidating or hostile environment
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Contrapower harassment
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person with less power harassing someone with more power (student to teacher)
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Landis-Schiff
Sexual Harassment - Why Men Don't Understand It |
- Men and women define it differently
- control, Conquest, competition, climax, confusion - intent vs. effect - men don't intend to sexually harass - women's looks exert a power over them - severe effects on women |
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Sexual Assault Complications
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- alcohol
- people they know assualted them (date rape) - dont consider it rape - turn inward |