World History 2 Final Exam

Who:First Secretary, head of the Soviet Union.
When:1953-1964
Where:Soviet Union
What:He Succeeded Stalin. First Accused Stalin of violating Communist Party norms. He stated Stalin killed thousands of party members and military leaders, revealed falseying information about Stalin and denounced his use of terror.
Importance: Used De-Stalinization. Increase of releasing political prisoners from Gulag. Created the Berlin Wall to cut off West Germany, created 2 sides of Communism with the Soviet Unnion and China. Had many failed policies and let many of the satellite states become independent from the Soviet Union. Is ousted/kicked off the leadership of the Soviet Union when he returns from a vacation.

Who:Elected President
When:January1968
Where:Czechoslovakia
What:Hes not challeging Soviet Union, a bit more independent in foreign policy and created a lot new reforms.
Importance: Starts Action Program. Allowed more democracy in Communist party, gave more independce to state govt, restored govt rights. De-stalinization of polical prisoners, gave religious rights, establishmen of new politcal clubs and abolished censorship. Soviet Union tried to negotiate with Dubcek to slow down reforms, doesnt work and they invade Chezhoslovakia. Dubcek and supportes kidnapped and take back to Moscow. They allow him to stay in power

Who:Mikhail Gorbachev
When:1985
Where:Soviet Union
What:New Policy created by Gorbachev.means "Self critisim"
Importance: Openly critisize and admits with Govt what didnt work and have people and govt make the Soviet system work more efficiently. Modernize system, eliminate corruption, and let the people be involved. Address major social problems like alchohalism abuse and drug addiction. Leads to dismantling of the Soviet Union. Recognition of ethnic minorities like Tartars, Azeris and Armenians.

Who:Leadership of Communist Party
When:1987-2000
Where:Yugoslavia
What:Calls for Authoritarian State.Pushed towards dicatatorship in Yugoslavia
Importance: Serbians sent in troops under MIlosevic to put down people independence in other states seeking it. Seek to create a greater Serbia, and go and conquer territory. Serbia committed ethnic cleansing in Bosnia against Muslims. Accused of mass Genocide and mass rape, kicked out of office. Handed over to the Hague for War Crimes trials.

Who:Pres. Clinton, Pres. of Serbia, Bosnia-hertzgovina, and Croatia
When:1995
Where:Ohio
What:Peaceful Accords/Peace Conference
Importance: Recognized independence of all these countries and ends the war.

Who:Mao Zedong
When:1966-1976
Where:China
What: Mao is all knowing, thinking for all others, he can do no wrong. Power is what matters, total control of the people. Accomplishing what Mao wants. Red Guards: Highschool and college students, force on people with violence if neccessary what Mao wants.
Importance:Mao wants to restructure society. Calls out on people to expose all anit-revolution forces from bottom to top of society. Attacks intelligence in China; proffessors, writers, artists and so on , they are resistant to revolution. Red Guard takes out Maos Decrees on destroying old traditions, old customs and old ways in China.People Changed thier names to more revolutionary terms and gave up private land since it was against communism
Rectify class ranks,. Re-education in school systems in anything thet must conform to Mao.
Death is major widespread during Revolution

Who: Pope John XXII, who is Cardinal Roncally. Pope Paul VI Succeeds John XII and continues his ideas
When:1962-1965
Where: Rome, Italy
What:Catholic Church Meeting, The Pope called for a Council, with the Cardinals and all Church leadership all around the world.
Importance: Pope John XXII wanted to radially change the way the Church operates in the modern world. Bring a midevil institution. All topics and issues open for debate and discussion, regardless of anyone wants to talk about it. Four sessions over all. In session II, two documents created; Constitution on Sacred Liturgy (All services will be held in the vernacular instead of Latin, services more accessible) and Decree on the Media of Social (Giving its preferences in what it does in the secular media, censorship to uphold thier ideas of moral standards.
III Session. Decree of Papal Supremacy (Pope is infallable, he cannot make a mistake) Permits Catholics to join and prayer and worship with other christians in certain circumstances. Decree on Eastern Rites (Revised on Eastern Orthadox Christian Churches, Catholic church recoqnizes and praises the Orthadox Christian Churches.)
All these decrees are not coming out harmonously with everyone in the Vatican.
IV Session. Divine Revelation ( no new revelations are expected until Jesus returns) Declaration on Religious Liberty ( All people will have relgious liberty and free from force or cohersion).
In Decree of Seminaries required Priests to have broader education. The Catholic-Orthodox declaration undues and destroy excommunications between eachother and become friends and allies in the Christian world. Bring Roman Catholic Church in 20th Century, reform it, restructure it and modernize.

Who:Catholic Church and Italian govt
When:1975
Where:Italy
What:Undoes what the 1929 Corndat and gives women more freedom and rights
Importance:Husbands and wifes placed equally.Equalized status of all children to parents. Marital Seperation. New services for families. Divorce now legalized.
abortion legalized

Who: Catholic and Protestants
When:1969
Where:Ireland
What:Primary group fighting for civil rights for Catholics. At first they were peaceful.
Importance: More radicals appears, they are younger and make a split in the IRA called the Provisional IRA. Provisional IRA of Militant means if left. Stood for Democratic republic. Began terrorist campaign. Civil war between Catholics and Protestants. used economical tactics to get British to pull out so Protestants to leave. Is finianced from outside, most from irish ancestry from peope in the U.S. IRA accept peace agreement with Clinton.

Who:Prime Minister Winston Churchill
When:Decades after WWII
Where: Colonies of major Powers in Africa and Asia
What:Colonies of U.S. and Europeans gained independence
Importance:Literacy Incease, independent papers, increased labor unions.
Atlantice charter gave autonomy of colonies (self running colonies) Colonies in Africa and asia believed the charter meant them, started to demand independence.United Nations Resolution Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. 89 countries voted for, none against. All major colonial powers refused to vote for this. Colonies costing more money then they are worth for the colonial powers. The Colonial powqeer good still sunsrup raw materials from their former colonies , by just using politcal and military pressure on them. Those with Govt, military jobs, european settlers opposed decolonization. Independence takes many decades for these colonies. Political instability, two or more hostile groups in same country. Colonies will have small white minotiry with all political power, border wars because of european boundary lines. Economic consequences, way behind in agriculture in modernzation, enermous amounts of debt.

Who:Kwame Nkrumah, Great Britain
When: Took place after World War II
Where:Ghana, West Africa
What:Leader of Independence movement, lived in France and Britiain.
Importance: Independence gained. Comes back with politcal and philosphical ideas, like John Locke. Turned small group of professional men into a mass party. Britain instituted all African Legislative council to ease Nkrumah's demands, but he wanted African selft govt now. Started program of disrruption with his party, covicted of sedition. Elected into new legislative council and freed from prison. From his position he pushed for independence, in 1957 gains independence.

Who:Nelson Mandela is Leader
When:1940s, began 1952 campaign
Where:South Africa
What:Led resistance to apartheid. Represents Black African
Importance:Carry out passive resistance campaign. Coordinated non-violence campaign against apartheid. Repeal of all discrimmination laws, showing passes that they are allowed to be somewhere, certain areas they can be in. Affrikaner govt responded with laws of dictatorship, limited movement of leaderhips of AFC. In sharpville, thousands gathered to hear leaders speak on this ongoing fought. Next day another gathering, which is much bigger. Polica opened fire on crowd, 67 people died. Protests in South Africa erupted. Govt delcared state of emergency. Unlawful organizations act, made SCIC and ANC illegal

Who:Children who didnt speak Afrikan
When:1976
Where:South Africa,
What:A Ghetto in South Africa
Importance:15 thousand school children gathered with placards and posters and banners to demonstrate against this new law since it made it very hard for them to get a decent education.Police met with tear gas, when it failed they opened fire on group of school children. Let to rioting all over Soweto.

Who:Led the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
When:1924-2004
Where:Middle East, Within homeland in arab territories of Israel.
What:Organization he led wanted to destroy state of Israel.
Importance:
Wanted homeland withing in arab territories of Israel.

Who:P{res. Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat (Pres. of Egypt) and Menachim Begin (Pres. of Israel)
When:1979
Where:
What:Peace agreement with Israel and any of their enemies.
Importance:Negotiations by Jimmy carter, used harsh tactics, and got them to agree on a peace agreement. Egypt and Israel acknwoledged each other and had a right to exist. Costs Sadat his life, in him being assisnated because of the peace agreement.

Who:Yasir Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, Israel and PLO
When:1993
Where:Israel
What:Peace treaty between Israel and PLO
recognizing need for Palestinian Independence for eventual Palestinian State
Importance:Orchestrated by Norweigens, PLO recoognized Israel right to exist.Signed by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin. Are not popular, Rabin was assisnated by Israeli. Do not solve everything.Partially successful.

Who:Mohandas Gandhi
When:1942
Where:India
What:Protest movement by Gandhi for independence, time for seperation to be completed of India and rule of Britain.
Importance:British treated it as an open rebellion and arrest thousands of people.Carrying out non-violent campaign. Some individuals conduct violent protests against British, Gandhi has no control over such people and British doesnt have control over officers who opened fire on crowds. More then 1000 died, more then 3000 injured.

Who:Leader of Viet Minh, Communist Party
When:Sept. 1945
Where:Vietnam
What:Declared himself President.
Importance:Abolished Colonial tax, massive education program for 100% literacy. Wanted independence from the French.Worked in peasant favor with taxes and reforms.

Who:U.S. and Japan, Japanese women
When:1946
Where:Japan
What:A constitutionn given to Japan by the United States.
Importance:Written by U.S., Japanese had little involvement. Retains emperor, is no longer divine and has politcal role, a figurehead to govt. Turned into a Democratic Republic, elected assembly, elected head of State, competing political parties. Japanese women have legal equality, right to vote and bring into Japanese politcs spirit of home and calming influence. Equality before law, respect for individuals. Women rights in marriage, inheritance, divorce, adultry no longer a crime.Free compuslary education, equal pay for equal work for men and women. Ends license prostitution.

EX1: Bosnian War. During the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Milosevic leader of Serbia attacked Slovenia and Croatia, only captured a bit of Croatias territory, recognition of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina bothered the Serbs and aimed towards Bosnia, they used ethinic cleansing that killed or removed Bosnian muslims from their lands. Thousands of men and boys killed in massacre in Srebrenica, as fighting continued the US and Eurpean nations intervened and cease-fire agreement reached After Kosovo war where Serbs massacred ethnic Albanians to crush the KLA, NATO and US bombed campaigned and forced Milosevic to stop, and was ousted in power later.

Ex2: Korean War. After Japanese removal from Korean after WWII, US and Soviet agreed to divid the country into 2 seperate occupational zones. one North Communist, one South ant-communist. As relations weakened with US and Soviet Union, tensions in North and South govts ran high. With Stalin approval North Korean troops invaded South and Truman sent US naval and air forces to support the South. Resolution passed in UN to resist invasion, under command of US General Macarthur he marched northward to unify korean under non-Communist govt. China intervened to support Communist North, but fears of US invasion across border drove China to join in. Ended bad for China, Truman sent US fleet to Taiwan to prevent Chinese invasion and led to China's isolation for 2 decades in capitalist powers. China was cut off from tech. and economic assistance and had to rely on Soviet Union.

Ex3: Operation Desert Storm.
After Iraq invasion of Kuwait, the US assembled multinational coalition under Operation Desert Storm, that liberated the country and destroyed a large part of Iraq's armed forces, allied forces did not occupy baghdad in fear would break up the country, hoped Saddam's regime would be done in by internal revolt. Harsh economic sanctions were placed on the Iraq govt, and he tried to evade cease-fire conditions as well.

Ex1: Cambodian Independence.
Boarder dispute between Cambodia and Vietnam due to the french drawing the boarders for their own convience, brutal revolutionary regime of the Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot. Massacre of more than one million Cambodians (Cambodian Holocaust). Khmer Rouge launched attacked across to Vietnam for old terrirtory that Vietnam took centuries ago, therefore Vietnam attacked and installed por-hanoi regime, then China launched a brief attack to demonstrate displeasure with Vietnam.

Ex2: Pakistan Independence.
Consisted of 2 territories, East Pakistan and West Pakistan. First years troubled with conflicts in religious, linquistic and regional problems. Many in East felt ignored by West govt. Riots arose after govt decision to use Urdu, language from Hindi as national language and most East spoke in Bengali. Later East Pakistan declared independence as Bangladesh.

Ex3: Algerian Independence.
Widespread rebellion took form after WWII. France at first tried to maintain control and considered Algeria an important territory apart of France. When Gaulle became president he reversed the policy and gave Algeria their independence. Also with the armed struggle, Algeria's neighbors won their independence with some unrest such as Tunisia and the French tried to supress Morocco's nationalist movement but failed and it saw its independence later.

Ex1: MacArthur Reforms for Japan.
Remodel Japanese society under Western influence, new consitution to replace Meiji constitution. New Charter drafted to make Japan a peaceful and pluralistic society that no longer was capable of waging offensive war.Constitution renounced war, and Japan maintained armed forces for defense. Established parlimentary govt with bicameral legislature, independent judiciary and universal franchise. Reduced power of Emperor and gauranteed human rights. These polices broke up the Zaibatsus so businesses could compete. Promote independent labor unions and educational system that would produce independent individuals rather then automatons manipulated by the state. Parts of these succeeded greatly.

Ex2: Indonesia Guided Democracy by Sukarno.
Sukarno dissolved the constitution and ruled on his own which was a democracy closer in Indonesian traditions and superior to the Western democracy. The majority to dominate the minority was from the old democracy, where in the new guided democracy he reconciled different opinions and points of view in govt by consensus. Suspicious of the West he nationalized foreign-owned enterprises and sought aid from China and Soviet Union, relying on support of the Indonesian Communist party. Army and Muslism were upset that Sukarno refused a state with Islamic principles, the military started a coup and killed thousands of suspected Commmunists which a new military govt was installed.

Ex3: South African Apartheid.
The white govt of South Africa had a policy of racial segregation and restricted black sovereignty into small areas of the country. and restricted blacks from many other rights. Later it was inevtiable for African involvement in politics amd national economy. Nelson Mandela was released from prison and in a democratic election, won victory making him president where he drafted a new constitution, calling for a multiracial state and ended the apartheid.

Ex1: Around the Mughal Era in India 1600-1699. Women fought alongside men in the battlefield and often relied on in families for political advice. From artistocratic families, recieved titles, salaries, and to own land and engage in business. Muslim practice of isolating them and associating with men outside (Purdah) adoipted by many upper-class Hindus. Obey husbands without question and child marriage still rampant.

Ex2: 1700-1799 China.
Women inferior to men. Wife subordinated to Husband, only husband could aspire further alone in work and scholarship. Not divorce husband or inherit property. , he could take 2nd wife as concubine for pleasure. Female children less desirable because of limited strength and parents would have to oay a dowry to parents of future husband. Did not recieve education and in times of short supply of food put to death. Charge with educating children in family and handling budget, few recieved training in Confucian classics and produced works of art and poetry. Very difficult, treated as maids or love objects. Domination of husband and mother-in-law.

Ex3: 1800-1869. Europe
During industrialization women had to do low-wage work or labor to support their families, even though men rejected these notions and believed them to stay at home and take care of the family. New oppertunities opened for women in an increase demand for white-collar workers of low wages in plants, a need for clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks and sales-clerks. expansion of govt services opened for secretaries and telephone operators and jobs in health and social services. These jobs offered freedom from what they were expected from. Escape from physical labor and lower-class world.

Ex4: 1870-1950 Women in colonial Africa.
Colonial govts attempted to end forced marriage, body mutilation such as clitoridectomy and also end polygamy. Introduced women to Western education and ecnouraged to organize and defend their interests. Were empwered from the role of primary agricultural producer in their community. Women restricted to traditional farming methods, where men used western chemical fertilzer, women had to use manure. Women still had to carry goods on their heads. Positions in govt were closed to them and women had restricted freedom.

Ex5: 1951-2009 Women in the Middle East.
Female seclusion, wearing the veil and polygamy were traditions that were tolerated and carried over. In Egypt and Iran femal suffrage is granted and the ecnouragement of education is given for women. Women in Israel have achieved equality with men, especiually in the armed forces. Saudi Arabia still restricts women in education, they have to wear the veil and forbidden to drive cars.

Ex1: 1600-1699 France, Europe. Descartes and Rationlism. The seperation of mind and matter, "the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different. Using mind/human reason and the instrument mathematics humans can understand the material world because it is a mechanism and a machine governed by its own physical laws because it was created by god. View matter as something totally seperate from themselves and could be investigated by reason. Split between mind and body with identity with mind and reason rather than whole organism. Father of modern Rationlism.

Ex2: 1700-1799 Enlightenment Europe
Movement of intellectuals who ere impressed by the accomplishments of the scientific revolution, used reason when advocating the application of the scientific method to understanding all life. All institutions and all systems of thought were subject to rational, scientific way of thinking if people would free themeselves from the past., espcially religious ones.

Ex3: 1800-1869 Marie Curie and Husband
They discovered an element called Radium gave off rays of radiation that came within the atom itself. Atms wree not hard, material bodies but small worlds containing subatomic particles as electrons and protons which behaved random and inexplicable.

Ex4: 1870-1950 China, New Culture Movement
Aimed at abolishing of the old system and introducing Western values and institutions into China. Used classrooms and magazine to introduce a mix of new ideas such as educational views and feminist plays, Stirred a new generation of educated Chinese youth.

Ex5: America, Civil Rights in America
Martin Luthor King led a march on Washington for racial equality for jobs and fair treatment of equality of blacks and whites. Pres. Johnson pursued civil rights and enacted the Civil Rights Act that ended segregation and discrimmination in the workplace and public accommodations.

Ex1: 1600-1699 Japan Tokugawa Bakfu rule. Composed of a coalition of daimyo and coincil of elders, govt played a dual role Set national policy on behalf of emperor and governing own shoguns domain. Daimyo divided into 2 types. Fudai (inside) who were small daimyo directly under the shogunate and tozama (outside) were larger and more independent lords distanct from center of shogunate power

Ex2: 1700-1799 Europe and Russia, Enlightened absolutism
Followed advice of the philosphes and ruled by enlightened priniciples. New type of monarchy.

Ex3: 1800-1869 Marxism
Society breaking up into 2 classes they directly face eachother. Desire to improve working and living conditions. Class struggles. Oppressor and Opressed have stood in opposition to each other. Oppressors controlled govt and society, govt was instrument of ruling classs. other group depended on the owners of the means of production. Struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would open in revolution the proletariat would violently overthrown the bourgeoisie.

Ex4: 1870-1950 Dictatorships in Latin America
Most govts increasingly have been dominated by military elitesm who controlled the mass of population, impoverish peasants using military force. Trend increased due to Great Depression. , espcially in Mexico, Argentina and Brazil.

Ex5:1951-2009 Africa Neocolonism
Western domination was maintained by economic means then political or military ways. Most new countries in Africa were dependent on the export of a single or natural resource, when prices rose or dropped these countries were at the mercy of the international market.