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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nematodes have what type of body cavity? |
pseudocoelomate |
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Nematodes have what type of body symmetry? |
bilateral |
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Nematodes have what type of skeleton? |
hydrostatic |
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MOST nematodes are (monoecious/dioecious) |
dioecious |
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MOST nematodes are (parasitic/free-living), but some are (parasitic/free-living) |
free-living; parasitic |
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Nematodes have what type of muscles? How do they move? |
Longitudinal muscles; thrashing/ serpentine manner |
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The cuticle is a protective covering for nematodes. What is it used for? |
Protection and locomotion |
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Nematodes have: a complete digestive, excretory, circulatory, or respiratory system? |
Complete digestive and excretory system |
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Name at least 2 ways to sex a whole Ascaris |
Males have hooked tails and females are larger in size |
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How can you distinguish between a male and female Ascaris cross-section? |
Females have 2 larger tubes next to pseudocoeloms |
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What features do nematodes have that are "evolutionary improvements" over Platyhelminthes? |
Body cavity and complete digestive and excretory system |
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Rotifers have what type of body cavity? |
psudeocoelom |
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Rotifers MOSTLY live in what type of habitat? |
Freshwater |
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Rotifers have a complete digestive tract with salivary and gastric glands. (T/F) |
True |
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Rotifers use what structure for both feeding and locomotion? |
Corona |
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Rotifers use what structure to grind their food prior to digestion? |
Mastax |
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Rotifers use what structure to anchor themselves to substrates? |
Foot |
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Name the 5 clades of Mollusca |
Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, and Scaphopoda |
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Molluscs have what type of symmetry and what type of skeleton? |
Bilateral symmetry; exoskeleton |
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Molluscs have what type of body cavity? |
Coelom |
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What structure shared by mammals and molluscs evolved convergently? |
Eyes |
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Except cephalopods, Molluscs' bodies are basically bags of this blood-like, nutrient-rich fluid held within this cavity. |
Hemolymph within the hemocoel |
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Molluscs have what type of circulatory system? What group is the exception to this rule? |
Open system; cephalopods |
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Name the 4 parts of the Molluscan common body plan |
Shell, foot, visceral mass, mantle |
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Define adaptive radiation |
Rapid speciation events caused by invasion of new niches accompanied by significant phenotypic changes |
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What feature of molluscs was MOST modified and diversified in their adaptive radiations? |
Foot |
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Name examples of clade Bivalvia. |
Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, etc. |
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What structure do bivavles use to close their shells? |
Adductor muscles |
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How do bivalves feed? |
Filter feeding |
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How do bivalves move? |
By opening and shutting their shells rapidly |
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What is the umbo? |
Shell origination |
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Which way is anterior/posterior on a bivalve? |
The umbo points to the anterior end |
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What animals are included within clade Cephalopoda? |
Squids, octopuses, naautiluses, cuttlefishes, etc. |
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What structures has the foot become in Cephalopods? |
Arms and tentacles |
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What type of skeleton and circulatory system do cephalopods have? |
Exoskeleton; closed system |
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How are squid arms and tentacles different? |
Tentacles are longer and used for attack |
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Describe cephalopod movement using the terms mantle and siphon. |
Mantle fills with water and is expelled through the siphon |
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What structure within shell-less cephalopods is all that remains of the shell? |
Pen |
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Do polyplacophorans exhibit metamerism or segmentation? |
Neither |
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What animals are examples of clade Polyplacophora? |
Chitons |
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Are polyplacophorans usually monoecious or dioecious? |
Dioecious |
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What organisms make up clade Scaphopoda? |
Tusk shells |
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What organisms make up clade Gastropoda? |
Snails, slugs, conchs, whelks, etc. |
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Which molluscan clade is most diverse? |
Gastropoda |
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What developmental phenomenon causes Gastropods to appear asymmetrical and have their anuses positioned over their mouths? |
Torsion |
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What type of body cavity do Annelids possess? |
Coelom |
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What type of symmetry and skeleton do annelids possess? |
Bilateral symmetry; hydrostatic skeleton |
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What is the name for the linear repetition of identical body segments (not segmented)? |
Metamerism |
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What type of circulatory system do Annelids possess? |
Closed system |
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What is the function of setae? |
Locomotion |
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How many setae do polychaetes possess relative to other Annelids? |
Many |
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What locomotor and respiratory structure are unique to Polychaetes? |
Parapodia |
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What type of habitat do ALL polychaete worms live in? |
Marine |
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What is the name and function of the segment immediately before a polychaete worm's head? |
Protostomium; houses sensory organs |
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How many setae do oligochaetes possess relative to other Annelids? |
Few |
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What types of muscles do Oligochaetes possess? |
Longitudinal and circular muscles |
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How do oligochaete worms respire? |
Gas exchange across the skin |
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What structure is used in reproduction by oglichaetes? |
Clitellum |
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Are earthworms monoecious or dioecious? |
Monoecious |
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Describe the mating routine of earthworms in detail. Use the terms seminal receptacle, seminal vesicles, clitellum, and mucus cocoon. |
Two earthworms align in the 69 position. 1) Mutual insemintation: sperm form each worm's seminal vesicles is deposited in the other worm's seminal receptacles. 2) After the worms separate, the clitellum secretes a mucus tube and a tough band of protein that forms a cocoon. 3) The developing cocoons collect eggs as they move up the worm (anteriorly) and slide over each worm's head. THE CLITELLUM DOES NOT COME OFF OF THE WORM. ONLY A MUCUS COCOON SECRETED BY THE CLITELLUM. |
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How many setae do Hirudineans have? |
None |
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What type of symbiosis is characteristic of this clade? |
Parasitism |
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What animals comprise this clade? |
Leeches |
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Arthropods have what type of body cavity? |
Coelom |
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Arthropods have what type of appendages? |
Jointed |
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(T/F) Arthropods are the most abundant and diverse clade within Animalia. |
True |
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What are the advantages of an exoskeleton? |
Protection, prevent drying out, support |
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What are the disadvantages of an exoskeleton? |
Limits body size, heavy, and vulnerable to cracks |
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Are arthropods segmented? Metameric? |
They are segmented, but not metameric |
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What is the term for multiple, different body sections? |
Tagmata |
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What is the term for a compound body segment that results from fusion of two or more segments? |
Tagma |
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Arthropods have what type of circulatory system with what type of "sloshy stuff"? |
Open system; hemolymph |
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What is the ancestral leg number for Arthropods? |
10 |
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How many antennae do chelicerates have? |
None |
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What type of specialized mouthparts do chelicerates have? |
Chelicerae |
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What type of modified front legs do chlicerates use to manipulate prey and shovel food into their chlicerae? |
Pedipalps |
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What body segments do chlicerates possess? |
Cephalothorax and abdomen |
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What clades are found within Chlicerata? |
Merostoma and Arachnida |
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How many walking legs do chelicerates possess? |
8 |
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What organisms comprise clade Merostomata? |
Horseshoe crabs and eurypterids |
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How many eyes do Merostomatans possess? How many compound, how many ocelli? |
10 eyes; 2 compound; 8 ocelli |
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What structure do Merostomatans use to respire? |
Book gills |
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What organisms comprise clade Arachnida? |
Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions |
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What is the function of spinnerets? |
Spin silk for catching prey, building bridges, escape, and coating eggs |
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Where are fangs located? |
On the chelicerae |
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What structures do arachnids use for respiration? |
Book lungs and tracheal spiracles |
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Where are tracheal spiracles located? |
External openings in the abdomen |
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The most anterior set of appendages on an arachnid are what? |
Chelicerae |
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The second most anterior set of arachnids are called? |
Pedipalps |
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(T/F) Crustaceans are insects. Insects are crustaceans (T/F). |
False; False |
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What groups comprise clade Crustacea? |
Barnacles, seed shrimp, water fleas, crabs, lobsters, mantis shrimp, etc. |
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How many sets of antennae do crustaceans have? |
2 |
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How many legs do crustaceans have? How many chelicerae? How many pedipalps? |
10 legs; no chelicerae or pedipalps |
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What example groups comprise clade Crustacea? |
Pill bugs, sow bugs, crabs, lobsters, true shrimp, mantis shrimp, etc. |
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How many thoracic and abdominal segments do Crustaceans have? |
8; 6 |
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What example groups comprise clade Decapoda? |
Crayfish, crabs, lobster, etc. |
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(T/F) Decapod eyes are mounted on stalks. |
True |
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How many sets of walking legs do decapods have? |
5 sets; 10 legs |
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What is the name for a decapod's modified first set of appendages (pincers)? |
Chelipeds |
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How can you tell a male crayfish from a female? |
Examining the swimmerets, females have seminal receptacle and genital opening |
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Members of the clade Chilopoda are (carnivorous/herbivorous) and have how many pairs of walking legs per body segment? |
Carnivorous; 1 |
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Members of the clade Diplopoda are (carnivorous/herbivorous) and have how many pairs of walking legs per body segment? |
Herbivorous; 2 |
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How many legs do insects have? |
6 |
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Members of clade Insecta have how many pairs of walking legs per body segment? |
1 |
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What type of locomotion is specific to clade Insecta? |
Flight |
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What are the names of insects' 3 tagmata? |
Head, thorax, abdomen |
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What structures do insects use for respiration? |
Tracheal spiracles |
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In what type of insect development do young resemble adults? |
Hemimetabolic |
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In what type of insect development do young not resemble adults? |
Holometabolic |
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What specialized excretory structures do insects possess? |
Malpighian tubules |
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What type of wing is characteristic of orthopterans? |
A straight, thickened forewing with a membranous hind wing |
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What is the function of the tympanum? |
Hearing/sensing vibrations |
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What are some examples of Orthoptera? |
Crickets, locusts, grasshoppers, walking sticks, preying mantis, cockroaches, etc. |
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Which gender of grasshopped has an ovipositor? What does it look like from a side view? |
Female; duck lips |
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Which part of a grasshopper's mouthparts look like a dog's nose? |
Labrum |
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In grasshoppers, the mandibles are on the (top/bottom) and the maxilla are on the (top/bottom). |
Top; bottom |
