Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
habitat |
resources and correct environmental conditions to promote residency and allows them to survive and reproduce |
|
habitat requirements are species specific and have unique requirements |
physiology, morphology, life history, behavior |
|
Habitat selection |
environmental cues signal resources, organisms use those cues to select habitat, reinforced by natural selection |
|
What determines how good a habitat is? |
Places where survival and reproductive rates are high, where limiting factors are less limited |
|
Ecological traps |
area with cues that it provides habitat resources, but where animals have relatively low rates of survival reproduction or both, misleading to organism, usually areas with a lot of human modification |
|
hydrology |
circulation and distribution of water |
|
hydrophyte |
water loving plant |
|
hydric soils |
develop under anaerobic conditions |
|
Marsh |
tidal/coastal: runoff, salt tolerant nontidal/inland: poorly drained areas, herbaceous plants and grasses |
|
Fen |
groundwater, herbaceous |
|
Bog |
rainwater, sphagnum (love water) moss with trees and shrubs |
|
Swamp |
surface water inputs, woody; trees and shrubs |
|
Ecological functions of wetlands |
flood conveyance, protection from storm waves and erosion, sediment control, fish and shellfish habitat, waterbirds and other wildlife, water quality |
|
wildlife management |
manipulating habitats or populations to meet some human goal |
|
natal dispersal |
young move from where they're born to the place they reproduce |
|
adult dispersal |
one way movement of an individual to a new habitat after reaching sexual maturity |
|
Ultimate mechanisms of dispersal |
mate competition, inbreeding avoidance, resource competition |
|
What are stochastic (density independent) factors that limit population growth? |
random, demographic, environmental |
|
Type 1 |
humans, high survivorship of young |
|
Type 2 |
coral, birds, constant survival rate throughout life span |
|
Type 3 |
sea turtle, low survivorship early on, but then they live a long time |
|
What factors influence the growth of forest communities? |
density(stocking), site quality, species competition, stand age |
|
migratory reptiles |
loggarhead turtles, move really far |
|
migratory amphibians |
salamanders, don't move too far, shallow waters to reproduce |
|
migratory birds |
migrate across states, continents even |
|
Home range |
area where an animal spends it's time |
|
metapopulation |
collection of relatively (but not completely) isolated, spatially distributed local populations linked by occasional dispersal, linked by dispersal and gene flow, local populations go extinct but are recolonized |
|
Primary autogenic succession |
originally unsuitable for life, glacier receding, lava flows, new hot spring |
|
Secondary autogenic succession |
occurs at a site that has had life before, a previously occupied site, arid southwest |
|
facilitation |
poor, unfavorable conditions, early species need to be tolerant and resistant, make environment more favorable for later species |
|
tolerance |
favorable, best colonists, outcompete, neutral relationship with later species |
|
inhibition |
favorable conditions, best conditions, negative relationship with the later species |
|
allogenic |
colonization by fish and macro-invertebrates with changing water temperature in stream at Glacier Bay |
|
supplemental stocking |
stocking that augments a naturally reproducing population |
|
maintenance stocking |
stocking to sustain a population that has no or unlimited natural reproduction |
|
put-grow-take |
adding young individuals allowing them to grow and then when old enough they get extracted |
|
put-take |
allowing individuals to grow in hatchery and then putting in at a catchable size |
|
Benefits of supplementation |
revenue, population control and to sustain a population, bringing aquatic life |
|
marking methods |
cut off fin, uv marking, pit tags, telometric devices |
|
succession |
orderly or predictable change in species, describes how communities change over time |
|
disturbance |
agent of change, a discrete event in time and space that alters the natural dynamics of a population (community) |
|
large-scale disturbance |
intense disturbances, resets the successional clock |
|
small-scale disturbance |
what helps succession move forward |
|
even aged |
trees estimated at the same time, all about same size, bell curve |
|
uneven aged |
trees estimated at different times, creates a forest with different sizes and ages of trees, inverse J sruve |
|
density dependence |
as a population is increasing, things will slow down, will affect birth and death rates (both increase) |
|
Law of Diminishing Returns |
if one factor of production is increasing but others remain constant, marginal benefits will decline, overall population will decline at a certain point |
|
adaptive impact management |
using science to understand issue, constantly studying with new science, biological uncertainty, is important because sustainable harvest can change |
|
r |
high reproduction, low survival, faster growth rates, high surplus |
|
k |
low reproduction, high survival, slower growth rates, low surplus, overexploitation |
|
Optimum Sustainable Yield |
objectives that consider both ecological and socioeconomic factors like food production, recreation, protecting ecological factors |
|
inter |
among species |
|
intra |
within a species |
|
fecundity |
number of reproductive cycles |
|
semelparous |
one reproductive cycle in their lifetime |
|
iteroparuos |
several reproductive cycles |
|
Why control a population? |
protecting health of a species, reduce the damage to habitat, damage/impact to humans, reduce damage to other species |
|
mecanical |
using some device or physical means to control spp, shooting or trapping |
|
chemical |
prevents mating or kills species, contraceptives |
|
biological |
changing species so they can't reproduce, manipulating growth |
|
temporal |
populations change through time in response to change in habits |
|
spacial heterogenity |
it matters where you look (uniform, clumped, random, issues of detectability are trends due to changes in observers, habitats, behaviors |
|
forest health: bug outbreak |
tree health |
|
timber production |
density, species, regeneration |
|
ecosystem processes: carbon sink |
litter, sensitive tree species |
|
ecosystem services: provide organic material |
understory vegetation, wildlife counts |
|
wildlife habitat: elk |
regeneration, species |
|
biodiversity: rare vegetation |
tree cover, water measurements |
|
recreation: hiking |
visitor counts, visitor attitude |
|
forest health: reduce fules |
deadwood, density |
|
urban street trees: aesthetics |
tree location, species |
|
aerial |
least common, fast, not great detail, very expensive |
|
ground |
common, detailed, not expensive |
|
variable radius plot |
heavy on large trees, prism, more accurate, easier |
|
fixed radius plot |
smaller trees |