Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolic pathways which release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds are ___(anabolic/catabolic) pathways. |
Catabolic pathways |
|
The citric acid cycle occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic) |
aerobic |
|
Glycolysis is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs ___ (with/without) oxygen. |
without
|
|
Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs ___ (with/without) oxygen. |
without |
|
Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another are called _____. |
Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)
|
|
The loss of electrons or hydrogens is ____.
|
oxidation |
|
The addition of electrons or hydrogens is ____.
|
Reduction
|
|
In the equation: Na + Cl ---> Na+ + Cl- 1) What is being oxidized? 2) What is being reduced? |
1) Na 2) Cl |
|
In the equation: XH+ Y --> X + YH, 1) What is being reduced? 2) What is being oxidized? |
1) Y 2) X |
|
The carrier molecule NADH passes the electrons directly to _____ during cellular respiration. A. Complex I B. Complex II C. Complex III D. Oxygen |
complex I of the electron transport chain |
|
What are the three major stages of cellular respiration? |
1 glycolysis |
|
Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell. |
cytoplasm. |
|
The citric acid (Krebs) cycle occurs in the ___ of the cell. |
mitochondrial matrix. |
|
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _____ of the cell. |
mitochondria
|
|
The electron transport chain is located in the _______ of the mitochondria. |
Inner membrane
|
|
A small amount of ATP released during glycolysis is made by ______ A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. Photophosphorylation |
substrate-level phosphorylation.
|
|
_____ is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
|
Glycolysis
|
|
During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, how many ATP are required? |
2 |
|
Cellular respiration is the ____ (oxidation/reduction) of glucose. |
oxidation |
|
How many NADH are made in the citric acid cycle from 2 acetylCoA? |
6 |
|
How many FADH2 are made in the citric acid cycle from 2 acetylCoA? |
2 |
|
_____ and ___ are carrier molecules that relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain. |
NADH and FADH2
|
|
Which two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain? |
NADH and FADH2
|
|
Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the electron transport chain and are finally passed to___, forming ____. |
oxygen |
|
The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly but pumps (transports) _____ into the _____ creating a gradient referred to as a ______. |
H+ proton motive force |
|
Electron transfer (redox reactions) in the electron transport chain causes Complex proteins to pump ___ from the ___ to the intermembrane space |
H+ |
|
During ATP synthesis, H+ move back across the membrane, passing through the enzyme called ____. |
ATP synthase
|
|
ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of _____ to drive phosphorylation of ATP. |
H+
|
|
The energy stored in a H+ gradient across a membrane is called a ____. |
Proton motive force
|
|
____ couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis. |
chemiosmosis
|
|
Cellular respiration generates ____ total ATP molecules for each glucose molecule it oxidizes. |
32 |
|
During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> ______ -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP. |
NADH and FADH2 |
|
During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> NADH and FADH2 -> ______-> proton-motive force -> ATP.
|
electron transport chain
|
|
During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> NADH and FADH2 -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> _______
|
ATP.
|
|
During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> NADH and FADH2 -> electron transport chain -> _______-> ATP.
|
proton-motive force
|
|
one glucose molecule is oxidized to ____ CO2 molecules during cellular respiration. |
6 |
|
_____ ATP (net) are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and ____ more in the citric acid cycle. |
2
2 |
|
Each NADH from the citric acid cycle contributes enough energy to generate a maximum of______ ATP. |
2.5 |
|
Each FADH2 from the citric acid cycle can be used to generate about ____ ATP. |
1.5 |
|
In some eukaryotic cells, NADH produced in the cytosol by glycolysis may be worth only ___ ATP because the electrons must be shuttled into the ____. |
1.5 |
|
A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from one glucose. |
28 |
|
Complete oxidation of glucose releases ____ kcal per mole. |
686 |
|
Formation of each ATP requires at least ___ kcal/mole.
|
7.3
|
|
Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose by ____only. A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. Photophosphorylation |
substrate-level phosphorylation
|
|
During fermentation, when pyruvate accepts H from NADH + H+, pyruvate is____ (oxidized/reduced) to compounds such as alcohol or lactic acid. |
Reduced |
|
Alcohol fermentation is the ___ (oxidation/reduction) of pyruvate to___and ___ |
reduction
ethanol carbon dioxide |
|
Lactic acid fermentation is the ___ (oxidation/reduction) of pyruvate to___ |
reduction |
|
In fermentation, the electrons of NADH are passed to an organic molecule, regenerating ____
|
NAD+
|
|
Proteins must be digested to ______ before feeding into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
|
amino acids
|
|
Fats are digested to ____ and ____
|
glycerol
fatty acids |
|
An oxidized gram of fat produces ______ kcal/g
|
9
|
|
An oxidized gram of protein produces ______ kcal/g
|
4
|
|
An oxidized gram of carbohydrates produces ______ kcal/g
|
4
|
|
_____ water molecules are required for the complete breakdown of glucose. |
6
|
|
Oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain is being ____ (oxidized/reduced) to water. |
reduced
|
|
The carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in ______
|
the citric acid cycle
|
|
How many water molecules would be produced when 4 NADH + 4H+ are sent through the electron transport chain? |
4 |
|
In chemiosmosis, the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain results in the transport and build-up of H+ in the mitochondrial____ |
Intermembrane space
|
|
Where in the mitochondria does the citric acid cycle occur? |
matrix
|
|
Where in the mitochondria are the complexes of the electron transport chain? |
inner membrane
|
|
In the presence of oxygen, what is the maximum number of ATP's made in cellular respiration from the degradation of one glucose by oxidative phosphorylation alone? |
28 |
|
In the presence of oxygen, what is the maximum number of ATP's made in cellular respiration from the degradation of one glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation alone? |
4 |
|
How many ATP’s are produced in chemiosmosis from the energy of the FADH2 produced in the citric acid (Kreb’s) cycle from one glucose? |
3 |
|
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? |
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. |
|
Which complex of the electron transport chain is not used when FADH2 is oxidized in chemiosmosis? |
Complex I |
|
Which complex of the electron transport chain is not used when NAD is oxidized in chemiosmosis? |
Complex II |
|
How many O2 molecules would be required for 6 NADH + 6H+ to send their electrons through the electron transport chain? |
3 |
|
How many water molecules are produced during the complete breakdown of glucose?
|
12
|
|
A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle from 2 acetylCoA. |
18 |
|
A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH molecules produced in glycolysis from 1 glucose. |
5 |
|
Cellular respiration is what type of pathway?
|
Catabolic
|
|
What are the net input molecules of glycolysis? |
Glucose
ADP + Pi NAD+ |
|
What are the net output molecules of glycolysis? |
Pyruvate
ATP NADH |
|
What are the input molecules of the citric acid cycle? (starting with acetylCoA) |
AcetylCoA |
|
What are the output molecules of the citric acid cycle? (starting with acetylCoA) |
Carbon dioxide |
|
What are the input molecules of oxidative phosphorylation?
|
oxygen |
|
What are the output molecules of oxidative phosphorylation?
|
Water |
|
Glycolysis occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic) |
anaerobic and aerobic |
|
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic)
|
aerobic
|
|
Fermentation occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic)
|
anaerobic
|
|
In the equation: Na + Cl ---> Na+ + Cl-, What is being reduced?
|
Cl
|
|
In the equation: XH+ Y --> X + YH, What is being oxidized? |
X
|
|
What are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation? |
electron transport and chemiosmosis |
|
How many NADH are made during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetylCoA? |
2 |
|
How many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH that are made during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetylCoA? |
5 |
|
A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH produced in the citric acid cycle from acetylCoA. |
15 |
|
How many CO2 are made during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? |
2 |