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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
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Right and left cranial,right and left caudal
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What is the lateral part of the middle region of the abdomen?
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Flank
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What are the inguinal regions?
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Area next to junction of thigh and abdomen.
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What is the dorsal part of the flank region?
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Paralumbar fossa
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List the main structures found in the left cranial quadrant?
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Diaphragm, lft.liver lobes, fundus and body of stomach, cranial pole of left kidney, spleen, left limb of pancreas
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List structures crossing the midline bt. the left and right cranial quadrants?
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Body of stomach, tranverse colon, left limb of pancreas, liver, diaphragm
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What main structures are located in the right cranial quadrant?
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Diaphragm, epiploic foramen, caudal lobe of liver, right lobe and body of pancreas, pylorus and pyloric antrum, descending duodenum, right adrenal, cranial lobe of right kidney
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What main structures are located in the right caudal quadrant?
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descending duodenum, cecum,uterine horn and ovary, caudal pole of right kidney, right ductus deferens, right vaginal ring, right ureter
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List structures crossing the midline bt. the left and right caudal quadrants?
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Uterine body,urinary bladder, prostate (if enlarged), terminal branches of aorta, caudal flexure of duodenum; ileum
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List the main structures found in the left caudal quadrant?
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descending colon, left ureter, caudal mesenteric a., mesocolon, left uterine horn and ovary, left ductus deferens, left vaginal ring, left ureter
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Where is the fundus of the stomach located?
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Left cranial/dorsal abdomen
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What structures are easy keys to visualizing the location of other abdominal structures?
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Descending duodenum on right side and descending colon on left side.
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What spaces store milk in the mammary gland?
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Lactiferous (milk)sinus (cistern)= glands sinus+ teat sinus
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What passages lead from the teat sinus to the outside?
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Teat canal or papillary duct
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Generally where do the mammary glands lymphatics drain?
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Caudal: superficial inguinal ln.; Cranial: to axillary ln (also accessory axillary if present,sternal)
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List the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep.
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EAO
IAO Transverse abdominis and ventrally the Rectus abdominus |
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What is a flat thin tendon called?
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Aponeurosis
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What is the caudal free edge of the aponeurosis of EAO extending from the tuber coxae around the iliopsoas muscle to the prepubic tendon?
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Inguinal ligament
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What is the rectus sheath?
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Aponeuroses of the abdominal mm. around the rectus abdominis m., meet/ fuse at the linea alba
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Which rectus sheath is most clinically important?
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External rectus sheath
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Where do the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles meet/fuse?
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Midline to form the linea alba
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What is the deep fascia of the back?
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Thoracolumbar fascia
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What is the musculotendinous partition between the thorax and abdomen?
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Diaphragm (cranial boundary of the abdomen)
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List the openings through the diaphragm.
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Aortic, esophageal hiatis and caval foramen
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What is the motor innervation of the diaphragm?
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Phrenic nerve (somatic n.)
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How does the cavity of the bony thorax relate to the thoracic cavity?
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Larger, dome of the diaphragm extends into bony thorax to 6th intercostal space (encases abdomen)
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What is the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity?
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Cranial part, protected by caudal ribs and costal cartilages
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What is a directional term for a part further from the mouth?
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Aborad
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What is the term for a part closer to the mouth>
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Orad
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What are the 2 named curvatures of the stomach?
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greater and lesser curvature
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What is the muscular sphincter surrounding the stomach's outflow?
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Pylorus
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List parts of the stomach.
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Cardia,fundus,body, pylorus (pyloric antrum,pylorus, pyloric opening)
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What is the least vascular part of the stomach?
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Body between 2 curvatures
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What side of the animal is the pylorus? The fundus?
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Pylorus: right (as is duodenum), fundus: left
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Which is more ventral the fundus or pylorus of the stomach?
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Pylorus
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Name the 3 divisions of the small intestine.
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duodenum,jejunum,ileum
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Which part of the small intestine has the longest mesentery?
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Jejunum, give great range of motion
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The descending duodenum is on what side of the abdomen?
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Right
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List the parts of the large intestine?
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Cecum,colon, and rectum, anal canal
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Where is the cecum located?
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Right side (Right caudal quadrant)
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To what are species differences in the large intestine due?
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Modification of the ascending colon
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What is the opening of the ileum into the colon (not cecum)?
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Ileocolic (ileal) opening (orifice)
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Name the three parts of the colon.
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Ascending,transverse and descending
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What is the course of the tranverse colon in all domestic species?
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Right to left cranial to root of mesentery
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On which side of the animal is the descending colon?
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Left, can call it the left colon
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What are the reservoirs for secretions opening into the carnivore's anus?
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Anal sacs (paranal sinuses)
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Where do the anal sacs open in the anal canal?
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4 and 8 o'clock positions
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Where is the liver located?
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Cranial abdomen, above the diaphragm, almost completely intrathoracic.
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The renal impression is in which liver lobe? Which side of Liver?
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Caudate lobe (caudate process), right
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What structure stores and concentrates bile?
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Gall bladder
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What is the structural unit of the liver?
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Lobule
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List the parts of the pancreas and their locations.
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Right limb: mesoduodenum, body: near pylorus;
left limb: deep leaf greater omentum |
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Where is the dorsal end of spleen located? Ventral?
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On left (fixed to greater curvature), variable
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What is the elongated area of the spleen where vessels enter?
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Hilus
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What arteries pass from the spleen to the fundus of the stomach?
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Short gastric aa.
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What is a serous membrane?
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A thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity and covering its organs
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Of what does the serosa consists?
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Layer of mesothelium (simple squamous) & connective tissue backing
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What is mesothelium?
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Epithelium of all serous membranes
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What is the purpose of a serous membrane?
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Secrete fluid to reduce friction bt. organs
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Name the serous membranes of the pericardium, thorax, abdomen and vaginal process.
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Serous pericardium; Pleura; Peritoneum; Vaginal tunic
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What serous membrane covers the walls of a cavity?
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Parietal (parietal means wall)
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What serous membrane or serosa covers an organ?
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Visceral peritoneum (often just called serosa or peritoneum)
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What serous membrane connects parietal and visceral or visceral with visceral serosa?
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connecting
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What do clinicians usually call the visceral serosa on an organ?
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Serosa
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What serosa lines the abdomen and covers its organs?
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Peritoneum (epiploon)
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List 3 different types of peritoneum.
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Parietal, visceral and connecting
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List 3 or 4 types of connecting peritoneum.
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Mesenteries,omenta, ligaments and folds
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What peritoneum connects the liver and the ventral abdominal wall?
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Falciform ligament
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How many layers are in the different classifications of peritoneum?
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Parietal and visceral-1: connecting-2
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What is the peritoneal cavity?
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Potential space bt. parietal and visceral peritoneum
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What is in the peritoneal cavity?
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scant amount of fluid, no organs
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Name 2 subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity?
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Ovarian bursa and omental bursa
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List the 3 pouches of the peritoneum?
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Rectogenital, vesicogenital, pubovesical
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What does retroperitoneal mean?
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behind peritoneum
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Give the location of the epiploic foramen into the omental bursa.
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Ventromedial to caudatelobe(liver) bt. caudal vena cava and portal v.(and hepatic a.)
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What is in the free edge of the middle ligament of the bladder?
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Urachus or remanent of urachus
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What is a mesentary?
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connecting peritoneum bt. organ's visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
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How are mesenteries named?
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Meso + organ connected
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What is the functions of mesenteries?
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Suspend organs and path for vessels and nn. to organ
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What is the root of the mesentery?
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Attachment of mesentary to dorsal abdomen
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Name the four unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
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Celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric and median sacral aa.
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What structures does the celiac artery supply?
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Cranial abdominal organs (stomach,liver,spleen and part of duodenum
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What are the 3 branches of the Celiac artery?
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Left Gastric, Splenic and Hepatic
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What are the numerous vessels to the jejunum?
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Jejunal arteries from cranial mesenteric a.
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How do the jejunal arteries terminate to supply the jejunum?
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Form arcades and vasa recti to jejunum
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How are the ovarian arteries located?
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Lift up ovary and look for vessels in mesovarium
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How are the testicular arteries located in the abdomen?
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Passing caudal to kidney to vaginal ring
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What vein returns blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb?
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Caudal vena cava
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How is the caudal vena cava formed?
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External and internal iliac vv. unite=2 common iliac vv. which unite=caudal vena cava
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What vein carries the blood from the abdominal viscera to the liver?
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Portal v. (hepatic portal v.)
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What are the 1 degree abdominal organs not drained by the portal vein?
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Kidneys, adrenal glands,gonads,liver
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Why aren't the kidneys,adrenals and gonads drained by the portal vein?
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Their hormones would be destroyed by the liver.
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To where does the lymph from the pelvic limbs, pelvis and abdomen drain?
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Cisterna chyli
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What lymphatic vessel drains the lymph from the cisterna chyli?
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Thoracic duct
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What are the large lymph nodes beneath the termination of the aorta?
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medial iliac lymph nodes
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What are the intestinal lymphatic vessels that absorb fat?
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Lacteals
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What directions do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves travel?
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Caudalventral direction
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What is the sympathetic innervation to the abdomen?
Parasympathetic |
Sympathetic trunk, splanchic nn., collateral ganglion and plexuses
Vagus:through transverse colon |
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Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
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Near branches of abdominal aorta
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Where are the collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located?
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near branches of abdominal aorta
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What gland is part of the sympathetic ANS?
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Adrenal glands (medulla)
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What is the spacial relationship of the two kidneys?
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Right a half a kidney length cranial to left
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What is an easy way to remember which kidney is more cranially?
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Right fits in renal impression of liver
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What makes up the parenchyma of the kidneys?
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Outer cortex and inner medulla
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What is the expanded proximal end of the ureters?
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Renal pelvis
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What tube carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
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Ureter
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What is the longitudinal ridge protecting into the renal pelvis?
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Renal crest
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Where does urine drip from the kidney?
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renal crest
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Which species has capsular veins on the outside of its kidneys?
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Cat
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What parts of the renal pelvis surrounds the pseudopapillae?
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Pelvic recesses/diverticulae
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What are the parts of the urinary bladder?
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Neck, body and apex
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How do the ureters pass through the bladder wall and why?
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Oblique angle to prevent backflow
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Where is the trigone of the urinary bladder?
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Dorsal internal area bt. the two urethral openings of the urethra.
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What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney?
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Nephron
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What non-nephrotic structure carries urine from the nephron to the renal pelvis?
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Collecting ducts
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