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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition of cell
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cells are the structural units of all living things
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Principle of complementarity
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All the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific sub cellular structures
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The activity of an organism
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depends on both the individual and the collective activities of its cells
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Plasma memebrane
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defines the extent of the cell. separates intracellular from extracellular fluids.
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Fluid mosaic model
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plasma membrane is thin and composed of a double layer of lipid molecules w protein molecules dispersed in it. the form constantly changes like fluid
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Glycolipids
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phospholipids with attached sugar groups, found only on the outer plasma membrane surface and make up 5% of the total membrane lipid.
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lipid rafts
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saturated phospholipids packed together tightly. less fluid than the rest of the membrane. able to include or exclude specific protiens
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Integral protiens
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involved in transport they make channels or become carriers for substances.
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peripheral protiens
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on the peripheries of the membrane help w support and can help change cell shape during cell division
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glycocalyx
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"sugar covering" the fuzzy sticky area of the cell surface helps cells recognize eachother.
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microvilli
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"little shaggy hairs" extensions of the plasma membrane that protect from an exposed cell surface.
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Tight Junctions
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extent throughout the surface and around the perimeter of an epithelial cell and seal it tightly to adjacent cells.
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Desmosomes
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a submicroscopic space that space that separates the opposing cell membranes and intra cellular keratin fibers anchor trans membrane glycoproteins that bind cells together(adhering junction)
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Gap junctions
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or nexus, tubular passageways and channels exist between cells and small ions and molecules pass from cell to cell. (smooth and cardiac muscle have these)
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interstitial fluid
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rich "soup" that contains vitamins, sugars fatty acids, hormones, and waste products the cell must extract this in exact amounts to be healthy.
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passive process
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items flow out of the cell w no exertion from the cell.
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active process
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cell provides the metabolic energy needed to move the substance across the cell membrane.
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Diffusion
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tendency of molecules or ions to scatter evenly through the environment.
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simple diffusion
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non polar and lipid soluable substances difuse directly through the lipid bi layer
example- oxygen continuously diffuses into the cell |
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Facilitated diffusion
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passive transport in which binds to protien carriers or moves through water filled protien channels
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carriers
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takes specific molecules across by engulfing them and transporting them to the other side of the membrane
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channels
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proteins that transport substances through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to another
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osmosis
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occurs whenever the water concentration differs on the two sides of a membrane
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tonicity
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the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume.
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isotonic
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" the same tonicity" solution has the same concentration of solutes on the outside as on the iside
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hypertonic
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higher concentration of solutes outside the cell.. the cell shrinks and crenates
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hypotonic
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higher concentration of solutes inside the cell. it expands and lyse
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Filtration
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process that forces water and solutes through a membrane or capallary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure.
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pressure gradient
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the gradient for filtration is a pressure gradient that pushes solute containing fluid from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area.
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Active transport
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requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with transported substances
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solute pumps
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move solutes mainly ions such as NA+ , K+, ca2+, ,up hill against the concentration gradient. the cells must expend the energy of ATP
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vessicular transport
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large particle are transported across plasma and intracellular membranes this way
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excocytosis
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"out of the cell" moving substances from the cells interior to the exterior
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endocytosis
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"within the cell" moving substances across the cell membrane into the cell from the external environment
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pahgocytosis
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"cell eating" the type of endocytosis in which some relatively large or solid material is engulfed in the cell. white blood cells are experts
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pinocytosis
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also called fluid phase endocytosis " cell drinking" a bit of enfolded plasma membrane surrounds a very small volume of extra cellular fluid containing dissolved molecules.
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Membrane potential
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or voltage is an electrical potential energy resulting from the separatioon of oppositely charged particles.
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cytoplasm
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the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
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cytoplasmic organelles
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are the metabolic machinery of the cell. each has a specific function.
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inclusions
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are chemical substances tat may or may not be present depending on cell type. examples include stored nutrients like glycogen granules abundant in the liver and muscle cells.
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mitochondria
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are threadlike membranous organelles that are the powerhouse providing most of the cells ATP. cellular respiration occurs here.
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Ribosomes
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composed of proteins and variety of RNA . sites of protein synthesis.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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series of membranes extending throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
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rough er
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studded with ribosomes. these ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted form cells.
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smooth er
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enzymes play a role in protein synthesis. site of lipid and membrane synthesis and calcium storage
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Golgi apparatus
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stacked and flattened membranous sacs. "traffic director" the proteins and lipids are processed and packaged in vesicles before moving to their final destination.
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lysosomes
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"disinegrator bodies" spherical membranes that contain digestive enzymes. vesicles of enzymes that break down particles and make them usable by the cell. demolition crew.
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