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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland? |
Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts Endocrine glands secrete products into interstitial fluid |
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Which regulatory system is designed for speed? Duration? |
Nervous system is for speed Hormones (endocrine) is for duration |
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Define the term hormone. |
Regulating molecule |
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Why do hormones cause a response in some cells but not others? |
Because hormones only attach to certain protein receptors on the target cells they are intended to attach to. |
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What is the purpose of down regulation or up regulation of hormone receptors? Why does it occur? |
Allows adjustment to fluctuating levels of hormones to increase/decrease sensitivity If hormones are in excess, receptors decrease (downregulation) If hormones deficient, receptors increase (upregulation) |
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Acidophils % color secretory? |
Make up 40% of anterior pituitary cells stain red contain secretory granules |
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Basophils (in anterior pituitary) -3 specific examples -% -Color -Secretory? |
Thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs 10% of cells in anterior pituitary Stain blue Contain secretory granules |
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Chromophobes |
50% of anterior pituitary cells Do not stain Few to no secretory granules Most likely basophils or acidophils that have already expended secretions |
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What are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus? How do they alter anteriorpituitary secretion? |
Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones They stimulate or inhibit release of hormones in the anterior pituitary gland They are synthesized and released by neurosecretory cells and go directly to the anterior pituitary gland through portal system. |
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What are the 5 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary? |
Human Growth Hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Human growth hormone secreted by target organ effect |
secreted by somatotrophs Target organ: Many different tissues Effect: Secretion of insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) that stimulate growth |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by target organ effect |
secreted by thyrotophs target organ: thyroid gland effect: secretion of thyroid gland |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone secreted by target organ effect |
secreted by gonadotrophs target organ: gonads effect: FSH: initiation development of oocytes, induces ovarian secretion of estrogens, sperm LH:secretion of estrogens and progesterone, maturation of oocytes and stimulate testosterone |
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Prolactin secreted by target organ effect |
secreted by lactotrophs target organ: mammary glands effect: milk production |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by target organ effect |
secreted by corticotrophs target organ: adrenal cortex effect: secretion of glucocorticoids |
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone secreted by some.. |
corticotrophs |
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What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary? |
Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone |
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Does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones? |
No but it does store and release them The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus manufacture the hormones |
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Oxytocin What stimulates its release? Target organs? Effect? |
Stretching of cervix and breast feeding stimulates its release Target: uterus and breast Effect: enhances smooth muscle contraction in uterus |
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Antidiuretic hormone Other name Target organ Effect |
Vasopressin Kidneys (and arterioles) Causes kidneys to return water to circulation, also vasocontriction |
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What hormones are secreted from the thyroid gland? |
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin |
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What hormones are secreted by the follicle cells in a thyroid follicle? What do these hormones do? |
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate Regulate cellular metabolism Regulate growth and development |
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What cell in the thyroid gland produces calcitonin? What does this hormone do? |
C cells (parafollicular cells) Regulate calcium homeostasis |
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What hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland? Which cells specifically produce this hormone? |
Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone Decreases hydrogen phosphate HPO4 levels Increases calcium and magnesium levels Antagonistic against calcitonin Promotes formation of calcitriol in kidneys (vitamin D) |
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What is the other cell type in the parathyroid besides chief cells? |
oxyphil cells Function unknown |
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What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? Hyperthyroidism? |
Hypothyroidism: Myxedema (swollen tissues) Cold, fat and lethargic Hyperthyroidism: Goiter (big thyroid gland), exophthalmos (bulging eyes) |
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Graves Disease can cause |
hyperthyroidism |
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Myxedema is associated with what condition? |
Hypothyroidism |
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What hormones are secreted from the pancreas? Give cell that produces it as well. |
Glucagon (Alpha Cells) Insulin (Beta Cells) Somatostatin (Delta Cells) Pancreatic polypeptide (F Cells) |
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Effect of glucagon target organ |
Raises blood glucose levels by -breaking down glucose -gluconeogenesis (converting nutrients into glucose) -releasing glucose into blood Target organ: Liver |
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Effect of insulin |
Lowers blood glucose levels by -transporting glucose into cells -converting glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) -decreasing glycogenolysis (break down of glucagon) and gluconeogenesis -increases lipogenesis and protein synthesis |
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Effect of somatostatin |
Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients in GI tract |
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Effect of Pancreatic polypeptide |
Inhibits -Somatostatin secretion -Gallbladder contraction -Secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
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What is Diabetes Mellitus? |
-Inability to produce or use insulin -High blood sugar levels -Causes polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia (excessive urination, excessive thirst and excessive eating in order) They're pissing all the time because they have a lot of sugar in their blood (and therefore urine) They're thristy because they're pissing all the time They're hungry because the glucose is in their blood NOT the cells so cells are starving |
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What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus? |
Type I: Insulin dependent (little to no production of insulin). Beta cell have been destroyed. Type II: Non-Insulin Dependent. Cells have become less sensitive to insulin. Pt still has insulin. Adult onset, controlled by diet/exercise |
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What are the health risks for Diabetes Mellitus? |
Ketoacidosis (fat used instead of glucose for energy causing acidosis). Can lead to coma or death Weight loss Atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular issues Loss of vision Kidney damage |
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Diabetes Insipidus |
Caused by lack of ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to it Also causes excessive urination and thirst but NOT related to glucose levels |
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Give the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
Mineralocorticoids (eg Aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Androgens |
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Aldosterone Type of hormone Effect Cells that produce them |
mineralocorticoid Increases blood sodium levels and water, decreases potassium levels Zona Glomerulosa cells |
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Cortisol Type of hormone Effect Cells that produce them |
glucocorticoid Increases protein breakdown Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis Resistance to stress Decreases inflammation Depresses immune response Zona fasciculata cells |
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Androgens Function Cells that produce them |
Growth of sex traits libido and estrogens after menopause in women Zona Reticularis Cells |
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What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla? |
Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
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Functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine What cells produce them? |
Sympathomimetic Resist stress Produced by Chromaffin Cells |
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Name the ovarian hormones |
Estrogens Progesterone Relaxin Inhibin |
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Functions of Estrogens and Progesterone |
With gonadotropic hormones from anterior pituitary... Regulate female reproductive cycle Maintain pregnancy Prepare mammary glands for lactation Promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics |
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Functions of Relaxin |
Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy dilates cervix |
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Functions of Inhibin |
Inhibits secretion of FSH |
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Name the testicular hormones |
Testosterone Inhibin |
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Functions of testosterone |
Stimulates descent of testes Regulates production of sperm Promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics |
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Functions of inhibin |
Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary |