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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of neural tissue
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control and regulation
- broken down further can be gathering signals, processing information, and response |
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Major divisions of central nervous system
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Central nervous system
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integrate and coordinate neural signals and perform higher mental functions (thinking and learning)
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Peripheral nervous system
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Located outside the dorsal cavity. Consists of peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal), ganglia, receptors and enteric plexus.
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Sensory fibers
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Conduct impulses from the receptors (sensors) to the CNS
- Sensory -Efferent |
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Motor Fibers
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Conduct impulses from the CNS to the effectors (muscles or glands)
- Motor - Afferent |
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Somatic nervous system
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Voluntary - controls skeletal muscles
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Autonomic
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Involuntary or visceral - controls cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
- further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Neural Anatomy
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No centrioles due to lack of divisional capabilities
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Grey matter
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Rough ER and ribosomes are rich in the bodies of neurons, as such they appear dark in color under the microscope
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White matter
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Myelin sheaths that wrap the axons is a lipid that looks transparent or white under the microscope
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Anatomy of Neuron (close up)
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Perikaryon
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Histological term for area surrounding neural nucleus
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Axon Terminal
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Small branch at the end of the axon, have small bulbs which are rich with neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) that will release when signaled
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Synapse
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Gap between axon terminal (knob) and cell (neuron, muscle cell, or glandular tissue) to be signaled
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Astrocyte
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- largest of the neuroglia
- have vascular feet that help form the blood-brain barrier - form scar tissue after CVI or TBI - provide nutrients to the nervous tissue - remove waste from nervous tissue |
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Astrocytoma
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Due to replication abilities, astrocytoma represent over 80% of brain tumors - uncontrollable reproducing astrocytes
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Oligodendrocyte
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Found in both gray and white matter in the CNS, dense cytoplasm, small nucleus, make myelin sheath, 1 oligodendrocyte can wrap multiple axons
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Ependyma or Ependimal cells
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The thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Along with capillaries they form the choroid plexus - responsible for the formation of the CSF
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Tanycytes
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Specialized bipolar cells bridging the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the portal capillaries
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Microglial
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Phagocytes of the neural tissue, stain dark possess oval or triangular nucleus and projections shorter than in astrocytes, abundant at sites of injury - think of as phagocyte of neural tissue
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Peripheral nerves
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Bundles of nerve fibers connecting the CNS to a specific part of the body
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Endoneurium
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Connective tissue holding the axon bundles together
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Perineurium
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Connective tissue holding the bundle of fascicles together
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Epinerium
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Connective tissue covering a group of fascicles which is a nerve.
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Schwann's Cells
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Put layers of myelin around a single axon (1 cell/axon) in peripheral nerve. Can put a sheath without myelinated layers (1 per few axons), in this case it would be called unmyelinated
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Another example of Schwann cells
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Neurilemma
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the outermost membrane (thin cytoplasmic layer) of schwann cell in an axon's myelin
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Unipolar Axon
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dendrites are very short, these neurons are sensory neurons
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Bipolar Axon
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Special sense organs (eyes, ears, etc. . .)
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Multipolar axon
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Most common type of axon, most neurons in CNS and motor systems are multipolar
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Ganglia
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Clusters of neuronal bodies located outside the CNS; nerve fibers lead to and from them
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Segmental demyelination
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Myelin sheath breaks down around axon
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Axonal degeneration
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Actual damage to axon - degenerated axons are able to grow back if guided by schwann cells
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Reinnervation
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Degenerated axons are able to grow back if guided by schwann cells
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Myopathy
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The loss of signal between neural cell and muscular cell
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Pia Mater
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The innermost of the three meninges covering the brain and the spinal cord. It is closely applied to both structures and carries a rich supply of blood vessels, which nourish the nervous tissue
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