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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the two tracts of the respiratory system. How are they divided? |
upper and lower respiratory tracts; any organ above the larynx is considered upper respiratory, and anything below it is considered lower respiratory. |
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What are the structures and organs of the upper respiratory system? |
nose, nasal cavity sinuses, and pharynx |
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What are the structures and organs of the lower respiratory system? |
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs |
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What are the openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity? |
nostrils |
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Are nostrils structures? |
no, they are just openings |
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What are the bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side to form passageways that support the mucous membrane and help increase the surface area? Why would you want to increase the surface area? |
nasal conchae; to warm the air coming in and trap more foreign particles |
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What are the three passageways the nasal conchae form? |
superior, middle, and inferior meatuses |
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Review! What bone are the three passageways of the nasal conchae a part of? |
ethmoid bone |
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What type of cells compose the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity? |
pseudostratified epithileal cells |
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What is the purpose of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity and trachea? |
to trap foreign particles |
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What is the purpose of cilia in the epithilial cells of the nasal cavity and trachea? |
to move the mucus with trapped particles to the pharynx |
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What do we do to mucus once it is pushed up from the cilia to the pharynx? What happens to the bacteria in the mucus? |
we swallow it; it is destroyed once the mucus hits the gastric juice of our stomach |
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What are the air-filled spaces in the bones of the skull? Which bones have them? |
sinuses; frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary |
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Do sinuses have a purpose? What are they often attributed to? |
no, we simply have a gene passed down from our ancestors that tell us to have them; making the skull lighter or affecting the quality of voice |
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What are the major cartilages of the larynx? |
epiglottic cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage |
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What cartilage of the larynx is the shield like structure that protrudes in the front of the neck and is sometimes called the "adam's apple"? |
thyroid cartilage |
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What cartilage of the larynx lies posterior to the thyroid cartilage and marks the lowermost part of the larynx? |
cricoid cartilage |
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What cartilage of the larynx is the only one that is elastic, not hyaline, cartilage, and is attached to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage? |
epiglottic cartilage |
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In the larynx, what are the two pairs of horizontal folds composed of muscle tissue and connective tissue? |
vocal chords |
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Which of the two pairs of vocal chords do not produce sounds and help close the larynx during swallowing? |
false vocal chords |
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Which of the two pairs of vocal chords have elastic fibers responsible for vocal sounds? How are these sounds produced? |
true vocal sounds; when air is forced between these folds, vibrating them |
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What does the intensity of voice depend on, and how so? |
the force of air passing over the vocal chords: the stronger the force, the louder the sound is |
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What does the pitch of voice depend on, and how so?
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the tension of the vocal chords: increasing it results in higher pitch, whereas decreasing results in lower pitch |
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What is the name of the triangular slit between the vocal chords? |
glottis |
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Is the glottis a structure? |
no, it is just an opening |
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What is the flexible cylindrical tube that runs downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into the right and left main bronchi? |
trachea |
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How many C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage are within the tracheal wall? What fills the gaps of these incomplete rings? Why is the trachea designed this way? |
about 20; smooth muscle and connective tissue; so the esophagus behind it can expand as food moves through it on the way to the stomach |
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What is the name of the procedure in which a temporary, external opening is made in the trachea so that air can bypass an obstruction? What is the name of the president whose life could have been saved by this procedure? What was the name of the disease he had that caused his death? |
tracheostomy; George Washington; epigottitis |
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What consists of three branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs? What are its three branches? |
bronchial tree; primary, secondary, and tertiary |
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Which branch of the bronchial tree stems directly from the trachea? |
main (primary) bronchi |
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What branch of the bronchial tree stems from the main bronchi? |
lobar (secondary) bronchi |
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Which branch of the bronchial tree stem from the secondary and branch off into bronchioles? |
segmental (tertiary) bronchi |
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What branches from the bronchioles of the tertiary bronchi and hold a few air sacs, enabling them to take part in gas exchange? |
respiratory bronchioles |
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What are the thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that open into an alveolar sac? |
alveoli |
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Describe the circuit of blood flow in an aviolus. |
Blood flows from a pulmonary artery to a pulmonary arteriole, where it enters a capillary network on the surface of the aveolus. After exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen, the now oxygenated blood flows through a pulmonary venule to a pulmonary vein to return to the heart. |
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What is the name of the disease in which fluid accumulates in the lungs? What usually causes it? |
pneumonia; bacterial infection |
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What is the inflammation of a bronchus? Which is worse: acute of chronic bronchitis? |
bronchitis; acute |
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Describe the process of oxygen exchange within an alveolus? |
During gas exchange, oxygen diffuses through the aveolar walls and capillary walls and enters the blood, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood through these walls and enters the aveoli. |
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What is the name of the space that exists between the visceral and parietal pleurae? How big is it? |
pleural cavity; not very big, the pleurae are basically touching |
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What is in the pleural cavity? What is its purpose? |
serous fluid; to lubricate the adjacent pleural surfaces in order to reduce friction, and hold the pleurae together |
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What are the two actions of breathing? |
inhalation and exhalation |
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What force moves air into the lungs? |
atmospheric pressure |
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Can there be negative pressure? If so, where? |
no such thing as negative pressure |
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At sea level, air pressure is sufficient to support a column of mercury about ____ millimeters high in a tube. Therefore, normal air pressure equals ____ mm of mercury. |
760; 760 |
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At rest, how is the diaphragm shaped: strait and flat, or like a dome? |
like a dome |
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When the diaphragm contracts, what direction does it go: up or down? How is it shaped: shorter and flat, or long and curved? |
down; short and flat |
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During inhalation, what does the diaphragm do? How does this affect the air pressure in the lungs? Because of this, where does the air go? |
contracts and lowers; it lowers it; into the lungs |
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During exhalation, what does the diaphragm do? How does this affect the air pressure in the lungs? Because of this, where does the air go? |
relaxes and rises; it raises it; out of the lungs |
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What causes air to go in and out of the lungs? |
diaphragm and the pressure it creates |
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During maximum inhalation, what muscle raises the ribs? What muscle raises the sternum? |
pectoralis minor; sternocleidomastoid |
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During what action does the diaphragm contract the most: regular inhalation or maximum inhalation |
maximum |
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During maximum exhalation, what compresses the abdominal organs? What does this accomplish? |
abdominal wall muscles; it forces the organs against the diaphragm to raise it even higher, resulting in more air being pressed out |
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What is the name of the device used to measure respiratory air volumes (except the residual volume)? |
spirometer |
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What are the 6 air volumes and capacities of the lungs? |
tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity |
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What is the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle? |
tidal volume |
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What is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after the resting tidal volume? |
inspiratory reserve volume |
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What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after the resting tidal volume? |
expiratory volume |
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What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs at all times? |
residual volume |
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What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume)? |
vital capacity |
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What is the total volume of air that the lungs can hold (vital capacity + reserve volume)? |
total lung capacity
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Name the 7 types of nonrespiratory air movements? |
coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying, hiccuping, yawning, and speech |
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What nonrespiratory air movement clears lower respiratory passages? |
coughing |
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What nonrespiratory air movement clears upper respiratory passages? |
sneezing |
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What nonrespiratory air movement expresses sadness? |
crying |
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What nonrespiratory air movement expresses happiness? |
laughing |
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What nonrespiratory air movement has no known useful function? |
hiccuping |
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What nonrespiratory air movement has some hypothesis as to it's function, but none confirmed (gorillas do this to show aggression)? |
yawning |
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What non-respiratory air movement is used for vocal communication? |
speech |
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What are the groups of neurons in the brainstem that control breathing? |
respiratory areas |
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What do respiratory areas do? |
adjust the rate and depth of breathing |
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Where are the components of the respiratory areas scattered? |
in the pons and medulla oblongata |
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What is the function of sufactant in the aveolus? |
To reduce the surface tension of the water, preventing the collapse of the aveolus. |
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What is the dense and fiberous tissue that surrounds the kidney and holds its shape? |
renal capsule |
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What are the components of the urinary system? |
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
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What are the functions of the kidneys? |
regulate volume, composition, and ph of body fluids, remove metabolic waste from the blood, and help control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting the hormone erythropoietin |
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What is the cone shaped structures inside the medulla? |
renal pyramids |
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What is the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder and carries urine? |
ureters |
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What is the expanded funnel area at the top of the ureter where widney stones are formed? |
renal pelvis |
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What are the functional units of the kidney? |
nephrons |
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What are the two compnents of a nephron? |
renal carpuscle and renal tubule |
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What is the source of blood for the kidneys? |
renal artery |
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What drains the blood from the kidney? |
renal vein |
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What are the two parts of the renal carpuscle? |
glomerulus and glomerulus capsule |
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What is the network of capillaries in a renal carpuscle that is more permeable than any other capillary? |
glomerulus |
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Describe the flow of blood in a renal carpuscle. |
afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> venules --> renal vein |
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Once the blood reaches the glomerulus, substances leak out the very permeable membrane. What is this stuff called? |
filtrate |
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Zooming out again from the renal corpuscle to the entire nephron, what are the many folds and coils of tubule close to the renal corpuscle? The one far away? |
proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted corpuscle |
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What tube follows the proximal convoluted tubule? |
nephron loop |
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What are the two parts of the nephron loop? |
descending limb and ascending limb |
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Which part of the nephron loop goes towards the renal pelvis? Which part goes toward the corpuscle? |
descending limb; ascending limb |
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What structure drains the distal convoluted tubule into the renal cortex and passes into the renal medulla? |
collecting duct |
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Which nephrons are in the cortex of the kidney near the surface? Do they have short or long nephron loops? |
cortical nephrons; short |
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What nephrons are close to the renal medulla? Are their nephron loops long or short? |
juxtamedullary nephrons; long |
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What are the pores in a glomerulus called? What are their purpose? |
finestrae; they are the reason the glomerulus is highly permeable |
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What is the "formula" for urine? |
glomulary filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption = urinary excretion; basically, blood flows from afferent arterioles and filtrate escapes from the glomerulus to flow through the renal tubule as urine |
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What is the main force that moves substances through the glomulary cavity wall? |
hydrostatic pressure of blood |
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What are the forces that favor filtration in the glomerulus? |
hydrostatic pressure from the capillaries |
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What are the forces that oppose filtration in the glomerulus? |
hydrostatic pressure from the capsule and osmotic pressure within the glomulary capillary |
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What is the sum of these two forces? |
net filtration pressure |
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What is the "formula" of net filtration pressure? |
forc favoring filtration - force opposing filtration = net filtration pressure |
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In order for filtration to occur, the net filtration pressure has to be positive or negative? |
positive |
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In summary, what are the three forces affecting urine filtration? |
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of the plasma and the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the glomulary capsule |
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If the afferent arteriole constricts, what will happen to filtration? Why? |
it will decrease; because blood vessel contriction = less blood flow into the glomerulus, which means a lower hydrostatic pressure in the glomularus and less filtration |
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If the efferent arteriole constricts, what will happen to filtration? Why? |
It will increase; because filtrate will back up into the glomerulus, and, since it has nowhere else to go, will leak out as filtrate |
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If a kidney stone blocks the ureter, what will happen to filtration? |
it will decrease |
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If arteriole blood pressure drops greatly during shock, what happens to the glomular hydrostatic pressure? What could this lead to? Why? |
it drops; renal failure; because without glumular hydrostatic pressure, blood cannot be filtered |
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What is the condition in which the cells in renal tubules die? What causes this? |
tubule necrosis; insufficient nutrients due to drop in glomulary hydrostatic pressure (which dropped because of drop in sudden blood pressure) |
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What is the glomulary filtration rate for the nephrons of both kidneys in an adult? Is all of this excreted as urine? |
180 liters in 24 hours (about fifty gallons); no |
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How many liters of urine is excreted every 24 hours? |
0.6 - 2.5 liters |
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Why is urine amount lower than filtrate? |
because of reabsorption |
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When body fluid is low, what is secreted from the liver? What is secreted from the kidneys to react with this hormone? What does this process produce? What is produced from the lung capillaries to change angiotensin I to II? |
angiotensinogen; renin; angiotensin I; ACE |
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Once angiotensin II is formed, what four things does it stimulate? |
vasoconstriction, increased aldosterone secretion, increased ADH secretion, and increased thirst |
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What does vasoconstriction result in? Increased aldosterone? |
increased blood pressure; prevention of reabsorption |
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What is the concentration of a substance in plasma at which it begins to be excreted into the urine? |
renal plasma threshhold |
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What interferes with absorption of sodium? |
caffeine |
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When the ADH level is high, are you hydrated or dehydrated? Is the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron highly permeable or barely permeable to water? |
dehydrated; highly permable |
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Because the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are highly permeable to water when ADH levels are high, is the urine diluted or concentrated? |
concentrated |
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What is the rate in which a particular chemical is removed from the plasma? What does it determine? |
renal clearance; renal efficiency |
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Why are women more prone to UTI? |
Because urethra is shorter |
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What muscle type composes wall of urinary bladder? |
smooth muscle |
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Will the wall expand or contract in urination? |
expand |
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What holds the urine in the bladder? Is it smooth or skeletal muscle? |
the external urethral sphincter; skeletal |
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What is the name of the process in which urine leaves the bladder? |
micturition, or urinary reflex |