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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
charophyceans |
closest relatives of land plants. Kind of green alga. |
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sporopollenin |
The polymer sporopollenin makes the walls of plant spores tough and resistant to harsh environments. This chemical adaptation enables spores to bedispersed through dry air without harm. |
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what are some benefits of the plants leaving the water and moving onto the land?
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-bright sunlight unfiltered by water and plankton
-atmosphere had an abundance of CO2 -soil was rich in nutrients -and initially few predators such as herbivores. |
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embryophytes |
The multicellular,dependent embryo of land plants is such asignificant derived trait that land plants are also known as embryophytes |
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five key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent from the charophyceans?
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-apical meristems
-alternation of generations -walled spores in sporangia -multicellular sporangia -multicellular, dependent, embryos |
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define sporangia and its purpose
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sporangia produces the spores and also protects and holds them until they are ready for release.
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what does gamatangia do?
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produces gametes within multicellular organs
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archegonia |
the female sex organ in land plant |
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apical meristems |
מריסטמה קודקודית localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. |
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what are some similarities between vascular and nonvascular plants?
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multicellular embryos
apical meristems |
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protonema |
A mass of green, branched, one-cell thickfilaments produced by germinating mossspores. |
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gametophore |
The mature gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte |
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what are two reasons that mosses cant grow very tall?
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such thin body parts could not support a tall plant.
also, lack of a vascular system could not support a large plant because then they could not pass water and nutrients throughout. |
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rhizoids |
long, tubular single cells in nonvascular plants, that act like roots in vascular plants. |
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how do bryophytes differ from other plants?
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nonvascular plants because they do not have intensive transport system.
their life cyles are dominated by gametophytes instead of sporophytes. |
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in vascular plants, the sporophytes are not depended on the gametophytes. what advantages does this provide?
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it made it possible yo have more complex bodies with multiple sporangia.
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main traits that characterize all living vascular plants.
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-dominant sporophytes
-transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem -presence of roots -presence of leaves, such as the sporophylls. |
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xylem
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conducts most of the water and minerals.
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what are tracheids |
found on the xylem, and they are tube shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots. |
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phloem
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sugar-conducting cells that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products.
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microphylls
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leaveswith a single vein |
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megaphylls |
leaves with a highly branched vascular system. almost all vascular plants have them. |
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sporophylls. |
modified leaves bearing sporangia. |
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what is homosporous and who usually has it?
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most seedless vascular plants have it.
they have one type of sporphyll making bisexual gametphytes, like in ferns. |
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heterosprous |
Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. |
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megaspores |
Also called: macrospore. the larger of the two types of spore produced by some spore-bearing plants, which develops into the female gametophyte |
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microspores. |
microsporangia in microsporophylls create microspores. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes . |
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antheridia |
the male sex organ |
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lignin |
The water-conducting cells (xylem) in vascular plantsare lignified; that means, their cell walls are strengthened by the polymer lignin. |
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Cuticle |
Most epidermis cells of the aerial parts of vascular plants and some bryophytes are covered by a film of soluble and polymerized lipids ,collectively called the cuticle. |
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peristome |
tooth-like structures on the upper part ofa moss capsule (sporangium), often specializedfor gradual spore discharge. |
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seta |
The elongated stalk (גבעול) of a bryophyte sporophyte. |
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sporocytes |
Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploidspores. |
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Ferns life cycle |
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Gymnosperms life cycle |
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