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147 Cards in this Set
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The group that signifies that carbohydrates are derivatives of polyhydric alcohol. |
Hydroxyl groups |
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Generally considered as substances made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the proportion of H and C is the same as that found in a molecule of water (2:1) |
Carbohydrates |
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These are simple sugars containing on saccharide group. |
Monosaccharides |
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Trioses (2) |
Glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone |
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Tetroses (2) |
Erythrose, erythrulose |
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Penoses (5) |
Xylose, ribose, desoxyribose, arabinose, rhamnose |
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Hexoses (4) |
Glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose |
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Heptoses (2) |
Mannoheptose, mannoheptulose |
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Composed of more than one (two to ten saccharide groups) |
Oligosaccharides |
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Among the oligosaccharides, only ____ are of biochemical significance. |
Disaccharides |
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Made up of several saccharide groups. |
Polysaccharides |
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Starch group (4) |
Starch, glycogen, inulin, dextrin |
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Cellulose group (2) |
Cellulose, hemicellulose |
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Hemicellulose (3) |
Pentosans, hexosans, hexopentans |
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Pentosans C5H8O4 (1) |
Gum arabic |
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Hexosans (1) |
Agar agar |
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Hexopentans (1) |
Pectins
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Carbohydrates that are white crystalline substances.
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Mono and Disaccharides |
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Carbohydrates that are amorphous powder. |
Starch |
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Carbohydrates that are fibrous and are the most complex. |
Cellulose |
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The solubility of carbohydrates to ordinary solvents is _____ proportional to the complexity of their structures. |
Inversely |
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Carbohydrates that are readily dissolved in water. |
Mono and Di |
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Carbohydrates that dissolve slightly in water. |
Starch |
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Carbohydrates that are practically insoluble in water. |
Cellulose |
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Generic name applied to all carbohydrates possessing sweet taste. |
Sugar |
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3 varieties of sugars |
cane sugar - sugar cane grape sugar - fruits milk sugar - milk |
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The sweetest of the common sugars |
Fructose |
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The least sweet sugar. |
Lactose
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The standard sweetness sugar. |
Sucrose |
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The reagent most commonly used in reducing sugar. |
Copper sulfate CuSO4 |
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Hydrolyzes disaccharides and polysaccharides with varying degrees but has no effect on monosaccharides. |
Hot dilute mineral acids |
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Molisch test |
Alpha Naphthol Reaction |
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The general test for carbohydrates. |
Molisch test |
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Positive result for Molisch test. |
Violet junction (all carbohydrates) |
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The function of H2SO4 in molisch test. |
Dehydrating agent |
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Specific test for fructose. |
Seliwanoff's test |
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Seliwanoff's test. |
Resorcin-HCl test |
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Positive result for Seliwanoff's test. |
Red (fructose and sucrose) |
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Tollen's test |
Phloroglucin-HCl test |
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Tests for pentose. |
Tollen's test, Bial's test, Tauber's test |
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Positive result for Tollen's test |
Red (arabinose) |
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Positive result for Bial's test. |
Green (arabinose) |
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Positive result for Tauber's test |
Violet color |
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A resinous substance formed when a solution of a reducing sugar is heated with an alkali and liberates aldehyde which subsequently polymerizes.
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Caramel |
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Reduction of monosaccharides produces _____ |
Polyhydroxyl alcohols |
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Test useful in identifying sugars which produces specific osazone crystals. |
Phenylhydrazine reaction |
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Two carbohydrates that have specific osazone crystals. |
Lactose and maltose |
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Galactosazone crystals shape |
Big petals |
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Glucosazone and Fructosazone crystals shape |
Corn shape |
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Lactosazone crystals shape. |
Cotton ball |
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Maltosazone crystals shape |
Small petals |
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Reagent in Nylander's test
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Bismuth subnitrate |
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Oxidation of aldehyde groups in carbohydrates yields ___ |
Aldonic acid |
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Primary alcohols are oxidized and are called _____ |
Uronic acid |
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Both aldehyde and primary alcohol groups are oxidized and are called ____ |
Aldaric acids
|
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The decomposition of carbohydrates brought about by the action of microorganisms such as yeast, molds, bacteria, etc. |
Fermentation |
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Products when yeast is added to a sugar solution. |
Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide |
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The enzyme in the yeast which produces fragmentation of the sugar molecule. |
Zymase |
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Isomer of saccharic acid |
Mucic acid |
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Another name for mucic acid |
Galactaric acid |
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Animal starch. |
Glycogen |
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Found mostly in liver as storage material and in the muscles as source of energy. |
Glycogen |
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Intermediary products of starch hydrolysis |
Dextrins |
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When examined under the microscope, the particles appear as concentric layers of different shapes and sizes according to the species of the plant from which it is derived. |
Starch |
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Dextrose or grape sugar |
Glucose |
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Only sugar present in the blood |
Glucose |
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Levulose |
Fructose |
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Fruit sugar |
Fructose |
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Commercially prepared by the hydrolysis of inulin |
Fructose |
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Found in plants as a constituent of pectin |
Galactose |
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Glucose + glucose |
Maltose |
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Glucose + galactose |
Lactose |
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Glucose + fructose |
Sucrose |
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Saccharose |
Sucrose |
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Organic substances made up of fatty acids and their naturally existing compounds and derivatives. |
Lipids |
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Lipids are soluble in ____ and insoluble in ____ |
organic solvents (ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, etc) ; water and other ordinary solvents (dilute acids, dilute alkalies, salt solutions, etc) |
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True fats are also called _______ |
Neutral fats |
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Contain glycerol and fatty acids in their molecules. |
True fats |
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Components of compound fats. |
Glycerol, fatty acid, nitrogenous base, phosphoric acid |
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Examples of compound fats. |
Phospholipids and cerebrosides |
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Found only as constituents of highly specialized brain and nervous tissues. |
Cerebrosides |
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Contribute to the colloidal structure of living matter. |
Phospholipids and sterols, along with proteins and carbohydrates |
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Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. |
Simple lipids |
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Glycerol esters |
Acylglycerols |
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Esters of higher alcohols. |
Waxes |
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Waxes |
True waxes, cholesterol esters, Vit A esters, Vit D esters |
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Lipids containing other radicals. |
Compounds lipids |
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Contain phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base |
Phospholipids |
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Choline as nitrogenous base |
Lecithin |
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Ethanolamine as nitrogenous base. |
Cephalin |
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Inositol as nitrogenous base. |
Lipositol |
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Serine as nitrogenous base. |
Phosphatidyl serine |
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Resemble lecithins and cephalins in structure. |
Plasmalogen |
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Sphingosine and choline as nitrogenous base |
Sphingomyelin |
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Compound lipid that contains carbohydrate and nitrogenous base. |
Glycolipids |
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Amino lipids and sulfo-lipids, having amino and sulfate groups respectively |
Ill-defined lipids |
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Product of hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids but still exhibiting the general physical characteristics of lipids. |
Derived lipids
|
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Derived lipids. |
*saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
*mono and di-glycerides *alcohols *Miscellaneous |
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Derived lipids that are products of hydrolysis of waves |
Straight chain |
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Derived lipids like vitamin A and some carotenols |
Alcohols containing b-ionone ring |
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Miscellaneous lipids like iso-octadecane from liver |
Aliphatic hydrocarbons |
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Hydrocarbons in shark liver and human sebum |
Squalene |
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They are neutral esters of monobasic fatty acids with trihydric alcohol, glycerol known as triacylglycerol or triglycerides. |
Fats |
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Makes up about 15-50% of the total fatty acids in fats. |
Palmitic acid (Myristic and stearic are also frequent) |
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Abundant in butter, animal fat, lard, coconut and peanut oil. |
Saturated fatty acids |
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The most abundant fatty acid found in nature. It forms about 50% of the total fatty acid in many fats and is seldom 10% |
Oleic acid |
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Most common unsaturated fatty acids |
Linoleic and linolenic acid |
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The chief constituent of linseed oil. |
Linolenic acid |
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The simplest trihydric alcohol and is commonly known as glycerine. |
Glycerol |
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Glycerol is commonly known as ___ |
Glycerine |
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It is a by-product in the manufacture of soap. |
Glycerol |
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Specific gravity of glycerol |
1.26 at 20C |
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Acrolein's characteristic odor. |
Acrid odor |
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Component of fat responsible for the positive acrolein test |
Glycerol |
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Products when glycerol is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in slightly alkaline solution, in the presence of iron salt. |
Glyceric aldehyde and dihydroxy acetone |
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Product formed when glycerol is treated with HNO3 |
Nitroglycerine |
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Neutral fats containing large amount of unsaturated fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature. |
Oils |
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Emulsifying agents |
Soap, acacia, albumin, bile salts |
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Hydrolysis of fats liberates _____ |
Fatty acid and glycerol |
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Instead of water in hydrolysis, an alkali is used |
Saponification |
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Contribute to the rapid onset of rancidity. |
enzyme, lipoxidase and agents such as heat, light, moisture and bacteria. |
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Compound lipids containing phosphoric acids called phosphatides or phosphorized fats |
Phospholipids |
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Major phospholipids in the membranes. |
Phosphoglycerides |
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Present in great quantities in the egg yolk, liver, and nervous tissues. |
Lecithin
|
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Appearance of lecithin and after oxidation |
Waxlike >>> Brown |
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Egg yolk and brain yield lecithin with ______ as one of its component fatty acid. |
Arachidonic acid |
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The enzyme present in cobra venom and poisonous spiders. |
Lecithinase |
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Lecithinase splits off the unsaturated fatty acids from the lecithin producing _________ |
Lysolecithin |
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Includes the aromatic alcohols which are derivatives of a cycloperhydrophenanthrene nucleus |
Sterols |
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Widely distributed in all cells of the body, particularly in the nervous tissues. |
Cholesterol |
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Positive result of Salkowski's test |
Bluish red to purple color |
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Positive result of Liebermann-Burchard's test |
Bluish green changing to emerald green |
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Reagents in biuret test |
CuSO4, NaOH |
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Positive result of Biuret test |
Purple solution |
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A general test for the presence of a peptide bond. |
Biuret test |
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Another name for Hopkin's cole/ Adamkiewicz test |
Glyoxylic reaction |
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Reagents used in Hopkin's cole/ Adamkiewicz test. |
Glacial acetic acid, conc. H2SO4 |
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Reagents used in Hopkin's cole/ Adamkiewicz test. |
Glacial acetic acid, conc. H2SO4 |
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Positive result of Hopkin's cole. |
Violet ring |
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Test for the presence of an indole group (tryptophan) |
Hopkin's cole |
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Reduced sulfur test. |
Lead acetate test |
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Reagents in reduced sulfur test |
Pb(OAc)2, NaOH |
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Positive result for reduced sulfur test. |
Black ppt |
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Test for the presence of sulfhydryl group. |
Reduced sulfur test |
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Reagents used in xanthoproteic test. |
Conc. HNO3, NaOH |
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Positive result of xanthoproteic test. |
Yellow -acid Orange -basic |
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Test for the presence of a benzene, phenyl, aromatic group in a protein. |
Xanthoproteic test |