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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Enzymes are members of which class of biomolecules?
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Proteins
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What is the function of enzymes?
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Biochemical catalysts
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All of the following phrases correctly describes enzymes except?
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Behave as substrates
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The tertiary structure of most enzymes is?
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Globular
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The non-protein portion required by some enzyes for proper functioning is called?
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Cofactor
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When a molecule similar to the correct sustrate interacts, but does not covalently bind with the active site of an enzyme, the process is called
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Competitive inhibition
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The substance being chemically transformed by an enzyme is called the ?
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Substrate
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Which is the correct term for an inactive form of the enzyme, often used for storage or transport of the enzyme to the site where its action is needed?
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Zymogen
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Overdosing on vitamin A and D is more likely than overdosing on vitamin c because?
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Vit. A/D are fat soluble, andthus can accumulate in body fat, where vit. C is water soluble and the excess will be excreted in urine
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All of the following vitamins are fat soluble except?
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C (D A K E are)
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A vitamin is?
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A small organic molecule obtained from the diet and necessary for good health
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Which term identifies the relatively small portion of the enzyme that is directly involved in the biochemical reaction being catalyzed?
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Active site
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Which aspect of enzyme structure is related to our dietary need for the trace minerals?
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Cofactor
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The name of an enzyme can often be recognized by the ending?
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-ase
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a type of enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of large molecules by reaction with water
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hydrolase
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a substance that prevents harmful reactions of free radicals
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antioxidant
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any process which decreases the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
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inhibition
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an inactive form of an enzyme, also called a proenzyme
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zymogen
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a small organic molecule necessary for good health that must be obtained in the diet
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vitamin
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a description of enzyme activity based on an exact match between the shapes of the active sites and the substrate molecule
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lock n' key model
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Which of the following sugars is produced in the most abundance by living organisms, and often converted into various polysaccharide forms?
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Glucose
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Cellulose is produced by____ and its major function is ___
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Plants, structural component
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Glucose can be classified as a(an)?
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Aldohexose
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any CHO with aldehyde groups which can be easily oxidized to produce a carboxylic acid
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reducing sugar
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a component of starch composed of glucose units joined by alpha01,4 linkages
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amylose
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a monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar
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galactose
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a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by BN-1,4 linkages and therefore not digestable by humans
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cellulose
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any CHO that yields two mono's upon hydrolysis
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disaccharides
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a disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
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sucrose
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an aldopentose that is a component of nulceic acids
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ribose
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a very highly branched polysaccharide used by animals to store glucose units
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glycogen
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Chondroitin sulfate is produced by___and its function is___
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animals, structural component
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Heparin is produced by___and its major function is___
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animals, structural component
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Sucrose is not a reducing sugar, because its?
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disaccharide bond cannot hydrolyze to an aldehyde in water
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Glycogen is produced by___and its major function is___
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animals, energy storage
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Classify the molecule shown according to the location of its carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms
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aldehyde at the end
ketone-2nd C 5 carbons =aldopentose |
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Some sugars are able to react with the mild oxidizing solutions of copper such as Benedicts, due to
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the presence of an Aldehyde group, usually on #1 carbon atom
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The reaction in which a disaccharide is broken down into its component monsacchardie is?
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hydrolysis
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Starch is produced by___and its major function is___
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plants, energy storage
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Cow eat grass, and benefit from its nutrive value
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Bacteria in gut, produce enzymes, hydrolyze cellulose
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The disease identified as diabetes are primarily associated with a malfunction of the hormone ?
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insulin
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Which of the following is NOT a product of digestion?
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pyruvate (breaks bonds)
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Hormones which regulate glucose metabolism are___,___and___
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insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
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Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?
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lactate
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In the first step of glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is known as
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phophorylation
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Gluconeogenasis occurs mainly in the
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Liver
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A blood sample is analyzed for glucose and found to contain 225mg/dl this level is considered?
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hyperglycemic
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A lack of insulin causes___a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is___than normal?
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hyperglycemia, higher
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Glycogen is most commonly found in___cells and____cells
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Muscle, liver
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The process of making glucose from nonCHO's is known as?
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Gluconeogenesis
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Which organ produces the hormones needed to control blood glucose levels?
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Pancreas
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All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except?
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The same enzymes are used in the digestion of CHO, lipids, and proteins
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The molecule which sits at the surface of RBC to identify those cells to the immune system as either self or foreign is a type of
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Glycoprotein
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Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
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type O
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Glycolysis occurs mainly in the?
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cytosol of all cells
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The target molecules for a-amylase is(are)
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Starch and Glycogen
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Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when sugar is metabolized by yeast cells, a process called fermentation?
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Ethanol
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Injection of too much insulin w/out eating sugary ot starchy may cause___a condition in which the concent' of blood sugar is ___than normal
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hypoglcemia, lower
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When a person is deprived of food, in which order does the body use the following sources to produce glucose?
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conv. of glycogen to glucose
breakdown of AA, glucogenesis catabolism of lipids |
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When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to?
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Acetyl-SCoA
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The hydrocarbon end of a soap molecule is
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hydrophobic and attracted to grease
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The compound that is the immediate precursor to the prostaglandins is
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arachidonic acid
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Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act by inhibiting the conversion of
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arachidonic acid to prostaglandins
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The product of an esterification reaction between which of the following molecules would be a natural oil found in plants
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CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)COOH
HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH |
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The function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in cell membranes is to
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mediate interactions between the cell and outside agents such as antibodies and hormones
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Protein structures which extend completely through the cell membrane generally function to
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provide channels for active transport across the cell membrane
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fats are generally___at room temperature and are obtained from___
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solids, animals
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Which molecule is a polyunsaturated fatty acid
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even carbons
CH3CH2(CH=CH-CH2)3(CH2)6COOH |
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Cholesterol is not water soluble and therefore requires what for transport in the circulatory system?
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the lipoproteins HDL and LDL
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Oils are genrally___at room temperature and are obtained from___
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liquids, plants
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Steroids are
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based on a tetracyclic ring system with substituents at various positions
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Biomolecules can be classified as lipids on the basis of
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the physical property of solubility in nonpolar organic solvents
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Phospholipids differ from fats and oils by having
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one of the fatty acid ester linkages replaced by a phosphate ester linkage
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Which molecule is a fatty acid likely to be found in plants and animals?
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CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
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Which reaction can be used to convert oils into fats?
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hydrogenation
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The basic structure of cell membranes consist of
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phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins
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Various types of prostaglandins can act to control all of the following except
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glycogenesis by the liver (insulin)
pain, stomach acid, B/P, childbirth (all yes) |
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Most naturally occuring monounsaturated fatty acids can be classified as which conformation by the following?
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cis
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The type of lipid that is predominant in cell membranes is?
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phospholipids
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How soap removes grease from fabric
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hydrophobic inside
hydrophilic outside grease in the middle |
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Antibodies are members of which class of biomolecules?
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proteins
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When the hydrophobic and polar interactions holding a protein in a specific conformation are disrupted the protein is said to be
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denatured
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All of the following are major functions of proteins except
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production of the water soluble B vitamins
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refers to R group that do not interact readily w/water because they are non-polar
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hydrophobic
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refers to R group which forms H bonds w/water because of their polarity
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hydrophilic
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A protein that is usually water soluble having a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior overall rounded shape
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globular protein
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A carbon atom bonded to four different groups and therefore able to form enantiomers
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chiral carbon
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A protein that produces only amino acids upon hydrolysis
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simple protein
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A protein that is usally insoluble in water is very tough and has a long shape
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fibrous protein
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A process or reaction which releases heat to the surroundings is said to be
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exothermic
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How would the following factors change the rate of a chemical reaction?
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-Inc. temp
-Remove products formed -Add a catalyst = increase |
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The phrase Like dissolves Like means that a solvent and solute w/similar functional groups will generally form solutions
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true
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All organic chemicals must contain what element?
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Carbon
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How much NaCl is needed to make 50.0mL of a 16% (w/v) solution
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8.0g
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The passage of salts and small organic molecules across a semipermeable membrane because of concen' differences is called
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dialysis
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RBC are placed in a solution and neither hemolysis nor crenation occurs the solution is
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isotonic
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When acids and amines react the product is a
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ammonium salt
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If the pH of a water sample is 4. The sample is
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acidic
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The functional group illustrated by R-OH is an
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alcohol
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All the elements found in an Amino acid
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C,H,O,N
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Which organic compound does not contain any multiple bonds
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cyclohexane
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The functional group illustrated below is an
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O
R-C-NH2 = an Amide |
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Two or more compounds w/the same molecular formula but w/the atoms connected differently referred to as
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isomers
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The carbon skeleton, how many H atoms in total bonded to the hydrocarbon molecule
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C C
C-C-C-C-C = 16 |
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When ethyl alcohol undergoes complete combustion or complete metabolism, the product is
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CO2 and H2O
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When an alkene undergoes catalytic hydrogenation the product of saturating the double bond by additon of hydrogen is an
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alkane
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In organic chemistry the term unsaturated means a molecule
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which contains one or more multiple bonds between carbon atoms
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The starting material for polmerization reactions is an
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monomer
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The amino acid containing a benzene ring is called (an R group)
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phenylalanine
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Which of the following is NOT the common name of an aromatic compound
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acetone
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Compounds w/the -OH group attached to an aromatic ring are known as
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phenols
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Which of the following is the most soluble in water
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HO-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
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Alkylamines are most similar in chemical structure and behave to
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ammonia
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When the N atom in an organic compound has 4 covalent single bonds it is positively charged and called
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quarternary ammonium ion
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Which compound is an example of an amine salt?
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methylammonium chloride
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The carbonyl group is
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a functional group in which C and O are joined by a double bond
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Which compound will give a positive test with Benedict's solution
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glucose (an aldehyde)
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Which type of compound does not contain a carbonyl group?
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amine
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When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid, forming water as a by product, the major product is?
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an ester
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When an amine reacts w/a carboxylic acid at a high temperature, forming water as a by product, the major product is?
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an amide
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The reverse of the above 2 chemical reactions, adding water to the products to reform the original carboxylic acid and alcohol or amine is called
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hydrolysis
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An alpha amino acid has an -NH2 group attached to the molecule at which location?
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the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group
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Which of the following bonds is not present in a carboxylic acid functional group?
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C=C
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The solubility of compounds containing the carboxylic acid group can be increased by reaction in water w/what form of salt
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a strong base such as sodium hydroxide
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The products of hydrolysis of ethyl acetate are
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ethyl alcohol + acetic acid
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Reaction of animal fats w/NaOH is called
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saponification
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The first step in glucose metabolism is addition of phosphate to one of the -OH groups of glucose. The resulting compound is called
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phosphate ester
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Members of which family of organic molecules are the building blocks of protein?
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Amino acids
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An amino acid whose R group is predominantly hydrocarbon would be classified as
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hydrophobic
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When the amide (peptide) bonds of a protein are broken realeasing A.A. into a water solution, the protein is said to be
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hydrolyzed
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