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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biology
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Study of life.
Characteristics: - Can assimilate (take in) energy. - Can respond to the environment. - Can maintain a relatively constant internal environment. - Possess an inherited information base, encoded in DNA that allows them to function. - Can reproduce through use of the information encoded in the DNA. - Are composed of one or more cells. - Evolved from other living things. - Are highly organized compared to inanimate objects. |
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Homeostasis
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Relatively stable internal environment.
Example: Sweating when hot. |
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Atom
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Building block of molecule.
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Molecule
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A compound composed of a defined number of atoms existing in a defined spatial relationhip to one another.
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Life Sciences
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A set of disciplines that focus on varying aspects of the living world.
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Physical Sciences
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The natural sciences not concerned with life. i.e. physics, astrology
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Evolution
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The gradula modification of populations of living things over time.
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Molecular Biology
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The study of individual molecules (such as DNA) that affects living things.
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Organismal Biology
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The study of whole organisms within biology.
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Physiology
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Studies physical functioning of plants and animals, largely concerns tissues and organs.
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Ecology
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The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment.
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Mass
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Measure of the quantity of matter in any given object.
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Element
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A substance that is "pure" in that it cannot be reduced to any simpler set of component substances through chemical processes.
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Atomic Number
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Amount of protons in given atom gives it the atomic number.
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Isotopes
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A form of an element as defined by the number of neutrons contained in its nucleus. Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
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Chemical Bonding
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Process of chemical combination and rearrangement.
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Law of Conservation of mass
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States that matter is neither created nor destroyedi n a chemical reaction.
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Covalent Bond
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A chemical bond in which atoms share pairs of electrons.
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Molecular Formula
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H2O, CO2, etc...
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Structural Formula
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H
| H -- C -- H | H |
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Reactants
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A substance (atoms, molecules or compounds) that goes into a chemical reaction. Reactants interact to form the product(s) of a chemical reaction.
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Product
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A substance formed in a chemical reaction. The products are written on the rifht side of the chemical equation.
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Electronegativity
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The measure of the strength of attraction an atom has for electrons that are being shared in a covalent bond. An atom with higher electronegativity will tend to pull electrons toward itself, away from atoms with lower electronegativity.
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Polarity
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Difference in electrical charge at one end of a molecule compared to the other.
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Polar Covalent Bond
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A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally betwen atoms, so that one end of the molecule has a slight negative charge and the other end a slight positive charge.
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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Electrons are shared equally so that the charges on both sides are equal.
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Free Radical
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A molecule with an unpaired electron, usually existing for only a very brief time. Although free radicals are natural products of biological processes, these molecules can be destructive in living tissues.
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Ionic Bonding
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A linkage in which two or more ions are bonded to each other by virtue of their opposite charge. Lose/gain electrons.
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Ion
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A charged atom. An atoms with an electron number that differs from its number or protons.
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Ionic Compound
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A compound composed of the linked, ionic forms of two or more elements. Table sale results from ionic bonds formed between the elements sodium and chloride (NaCl)
Side note: Sodium = 11 electrons, 2 inner shell, 8 second shell, 1 outer shell Chlorine = 17 electrons, 2 inner shell, 8 second shell, 7 outer shell Sodium loses 1 electron, giving it to chlorine, therefore both are now stable. having lost an electron (with - charge), Sodium (Na) then takes on an overall positive charge. Chlorine having gained an electron takes on a negative charge. Na and Cl becomes Na+ and Cl-. Most often known without the + and-, NaCl. |
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Hydrogen Bond
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A chemical bond that links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with a second, relatively electronegative atom.
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Solution
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A mixture of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, or ions that is homogeneous throughout.
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Solute
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What is being dissolved.
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Solvent.
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What is doing the dissolving.
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Specific Heat
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The amont of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celcius.
* Water has high specific heat. The reason why water takes a long time to boil. |
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Hydrocarbons
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A compound made of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are nonpolar covalent molecules and therefore are not easily dissolved in water.
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Hydrophilic
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Water loving and easily interact with water.
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Hydrophobic
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Water fearing and does not interact with water.
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Acid
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Any substance that yields hydrogen ions when put in an aqueous solution.
*0-7 in pH scale |
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Base
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A substance that accepts hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.
*8-15 in pH scale |
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pH Scale
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A scale used in measuring the relative acidity of a substance.
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Buffering System
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Physiological systems that function to keep pH within normal limits.
* Antacids help to relieve heartburn by raising pH levels in the stomach. |
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Organic Chemistry
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A branch of chemistry devoted to the study of compounds that have carbon as their central element.
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Isomers
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Molecules that have the same chemical formulas but differ in the sparial arrangement of their elements.
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Functional Group
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A group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule.
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Polymer & Monomer
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Polymer, a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits.
Monomer, subunit of polymer. Combines with other similar or identical units. |
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Carbohydrates
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Organic molecules that always contain cargon, oxygen, and hydrogen and that in many instances contain nothing BUT carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
Usually contains exactly twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. |
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Monosaccharides
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Building blocks of carbohydrates.
Monomers of carbs. Referred to as simple sugars. |
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Polysaccharides
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Complex carbohydrates made of chains of simple carbohydrates.
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Starch
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Complex carbohydrate found in plants.
* Potatoes, rice, carrots, corn... |
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Glycogen
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Serves as a primary form of carbohydrate storage in animals.
* Glycogen is for animals, as starch is for plants. |
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Cellulose
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A rigid, complex carbohydrate contained in the cell walls of many organisms.
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Chitin
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Comples carbohydrate that forms the external skeleton of the arthropods, all insects, spiders and crustaceans, etc.
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Lipids
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A class of molecules whose defining characteristic is that they do not readily dissolve in water.
Made of same elements as carbs (carbon, hydrogen & oxygen) but lipids have much more hydrogen relative to oxygen. * Fats, oils, cholesterol and hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. |
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Triglyceride
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Lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
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Fatty Acid
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Molecule found in many lipids that is composed of a hydrocarbon chain bonded to a carboxyl group.
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Saturated Fatty Acid
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A Fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms of its hydrocarbon chain.
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Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
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Fatty acid with one double bond between carbon atoms.
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
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A fatty acid with two or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
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Oils
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A dietary lipid that is liquid at room temperature.
Canola oil, olive oil... |
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Steroids
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Class of lipid molecules that have, as a central element int heir structure, four carbon rings.
Separated into side chains that can be attached to these rings. |
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Cholesterol
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Steroid molecule that forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells and that acts as a precurson for many other steroids.
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Phosphate Group
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Phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms.
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Phospholipid
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Charged lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group.
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Polypeptide
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A series of amino acids linked in linear fashion.
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Protein
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Large, folded chain of amino acids.
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Primary Structure
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Protein's sequence of amino acids.
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Secondary Structure
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Structure that proteins assume after folding up.
Beta pleated, alpha helix, random coil |
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Tertiary Structure
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Three dimensional shape that a protein takes.
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Quaternary Structure
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Two or more polypeptide chains come together to form a protein.
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Lipoproteins
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Molecules that are a combination of lipids and proteins.
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Glycoproteins
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Combinations of proteins and cabohydrates.
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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The primary information-bearing molecule of life composed of two linked chains of nucleotides.
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RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
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Molecule composed of nucleotides that is active in the synthesis of proteins.
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Nucleotides
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A molecule in three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose) and a nitrogen-containing base.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Cells whose primary complement of DNA is enclosed within a nucleus.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Cells whose DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus.
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Nucleus
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Membrane lined compartment that encloses the primary complement of DNA in eukaryotic cells.
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Cytosol
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Protein-rich jelly-like fluid in twhich the cell's organelles are immersed.
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Plasma Membrane
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Outer lining of the cell.
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Micrographs
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Pictures taken with the aid of a microscope.
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Nanometer and micrometer
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Two units of measure in the microworld. Nano, the smaller. Micro the larger.
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Cytoplasm
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Region inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus.
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Nuclear Envelope
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The double membrane that lines the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
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Ribosome
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An organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Network of membranes that aids in the processing of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
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Transport Vesicles
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Membrane lined spheres that move within the network.
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Endomembrane System
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An interactive group of membrane-lined organelles and transport vesicles within eukaryotic cells.
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Golgi Complex
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Network of membranes that processes and distributes proteins that come to it from the rough ER.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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A network of membranes that is the site of the synthesis of various lipids and a site at which potentially harmful substances are detoxified within the cell.
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Lysosome
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An organelle found in animal cells that digests worn-out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell.
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Mitochondria
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Organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion in eukaryotic cells.
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, cell movement, and the transport of materials within the cell.
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Microfilaments
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Made of the protein actin and serve as a support of structural filament in almost all eukaryotic cells.
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Intermediate Filaments
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Filaments of the cytoskeleton intermediate in diameter between microfilaments and microtubules.
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Microtubules
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Largest of the cytoskeletal filaments, taking the form of tubes composed of the protein tubulin.
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Cilia
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Microtubular extensions of cells that take the form of a large number of active, hair-like growths stemming from them. Moves rapidly back and forth to propel the cells or to move material around it.
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Flagella
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The relatively long, tail-like extensions of some cells that function in cell movement.
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Central Vascule
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Large watery plant organelle that has many functions.
Storage of nutrients and the retention and degradation of waste products. |
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Cell wall
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Plant's outer protective lining.
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Chloroplasts
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The sites of photosynthesis in algae cells, as well as plant cells, but no other organisms possess these specialized organelles (although certain bacteria are able to perform photosynthesis without them).
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Plasmodesmata (plural Plasmodesma)
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Channels in the plant cell wall that make possible communication between plant cells. The structure of these channels is such that the cytoplasm of one plant cell is continuous with that of another.
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Gap Junction
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Protein assemblage that forms a communication channel between adjacent animal cells.
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Chief component of the plasma membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids, arranged witht heir fatty acid chains pointing inward, toward each other.
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Integral Proteins
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Plasma membrane proteins that are bound to the membrane's hydrophobic interior.
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Peripheral Proteins
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Plasma membrane proteins that lie on either side of the membrane but are not bound to its hydrophobic interior.
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Receptor Protein
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A plasma membrane protein that binds with a signaling molecule.
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Transport Proteins
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Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules or ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
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Glycocalyx
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An outer layer of the plasma membrane composed of short carbohydrate chains that attach to membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules.
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Plasma Membrane
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Membrane forming the outer boundary of many cells, composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is interspersed with proteins and cholesterol and coated on its exterior face with carbohydrate chains.
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Fluid- Mosaic Model
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A conceptualization of the plasma membrane as a fluid, phospholipid bilayer that has within it a mosaic of both stationary and mobile proteins.
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Diffusion
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The movement of molecules or ions from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.
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Concentration Gradient
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The difference between the highest and lowest concentration of a solute within a given medium.
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Osmosis
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The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
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Hypertonic Solution
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Higher concentration of solutes than another.
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Hypotonic Solution
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Lower concentration of solutes than another.
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Isotonic
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Two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes.
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Active Transport
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Any movement of molecules of ions across a cell membrane that requires the expenditure of energy.
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Passive Transport
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Any movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane that does not require the expenditure of energy.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passage of materials throught he plasma membrane that is aided by a transport protein.
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Active Transport
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Transport of materials across the plasma membrane in which energy is expended. Through active transport, solutes can be moved against their concentration and electrical gradients. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
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Exocytosis
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Movement of materials out of the cell through a fusion of a transport vesicle with the plasma membrane.
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Endocytosis
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Movement of relatively large materials into the cell by an infolding of the plasma membrane.
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Osmosis
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The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
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Hypertonic Solution
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Higher concentration of solutes than another.
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Hypotonic Solution
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Lower concentration of solutes than another.
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Isotonic
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Two solutions that have equal concentrations of solutes.
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Active Transport
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Any movement of molecules of ions across a cell membrane that requires the expenditure of energy.
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Passive Transport
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Any movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane that does not require the expenditure of energy.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Passage of materials throught he plasma membrane that is aided by a transport protein.
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Active Transport
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Transport of materials across the plasma membrane in which energy is expended. Through active transport, solutes can be moved against their concentration and electrical gradients. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
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Exocytosis
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Movement of materials out of the cell through a fusion of a transport vesicle with the plasma membrane.
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Endocytosis
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Movement of relatively large materials into the cell by an infolding of the plasma membrane.
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Pinocytosis
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The movement of relatively large materials into acell by means of the creation transport vesicles that are produced through an invagination of the plasma membrane.
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Phagocytosis
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Movement of large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the materials and fusing the extensions together.
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Energy
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The capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force.
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Potential Energy
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Stored Energy; the charged ions kept on one side of a cell membrane.
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy inmotion.
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Thermodynamics
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The study of energy.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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States that energy is never created or destroyed.
i.e. The sun's energy is not used up by plants; rather some of this energy is converted by the plants into chemical form. |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy transfer always results in a greater amount of disorder in the universe.
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Exogonic Reactions
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Reactions in which the starting set of molecules (the reactants) contains more energy than the final set of molecules (the products).
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Endergonic Reacions
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Reactions in which the products contain more energy than the reactants.
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Coupled Reaction
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A chemical reaction in which an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction.
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ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
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A nucleotide that serves as the most important energy-transfer molecule in living things. ATP powers a braod rainge of chemical reactions by donating one of its three phosphate groups to these reactions. In the process, it becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which reverts to being ATP when a third phosphate is added to it.
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Enzyme
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A type of protein that accelerates a chemical reaction.
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Substrate
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The substance that is worked on by an enzyme.
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Metabolic Pathway
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A set of enzymatically controlled steps that results in the completion of a product of one reaction becoming the substrate for the next.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all the chemical reactions that a cell or larger organism carries out.
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Activation Energy
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The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
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Catalysts
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Substances that retain their original chemical composition while bringing about a change in a substrate.
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Active Site
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The portion of an enzyme that binds with a substrate, thus helping transform it.
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Competitive Inhibition/Inhibitor
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A reduction in the activity of an enzyme by means of a compound other than the enzyme's usual substrate binding it in its active site.
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Allosteric Regulation
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The regulation of an enzyme's activity by means of a molecule binding to a site on the enzyme other than its active site.
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