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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gametes
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An organ's reproductive cells.
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WHat happens to the DNA when a cell is divided?
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The DNA is first copied and then distributed.
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Binary fission: definition
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form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring
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Binary Fission: Stage 1 and 2
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1. DNA is copied, cell divides. 2.squeezed toward the center by new cell membrane, and pinches off like a balloon.
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gene
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segement of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule
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chromosome
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As a eukaryotic cell prepares to divide, the DNA and the proteins associated with the DNA coil into this structure.
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chromatid
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The two exact copies of DNA that make up each chromosome. TWo chromatid attached at the centromere.
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Homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content
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How many chromosomes are there in human somoatic cells?
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46-2 sets of 23.
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diploid
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A cell, such as a somatic cell, that contains two sets of chromosomes.
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haploid
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A cell, such as a gamete, that has only one set of chromosomes.
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell, the first cell of a new individual.
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Autosomes
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chromosomes that are not directly invloved in determining the sex of an individual.
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sex chromosomes
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one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, that determine the sex of the individual.
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karyotype
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A photo of the chromosomes in a dividing cell that shows the chromosomes arranges by size.
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disjunction
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when the chromosome and the homologue seperate
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deletion mutation
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A piece of the chromosome breaks off completely
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duplication mutation
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A chromsome fragment attaches to its homologuous chromosome, which will carry 2 copies of the gene.
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inversion mutation
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attached in reverse orientation to the chromosome.
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translocation mutation
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piece reattached to a non-homologous chromosome
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cell cycle
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a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during the life of an organism.
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interphase
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first three phases of the cycle, where a cell spends 90% of its time.
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First growth phase(G1)
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-cell carries out its routine functions
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Synthesis phase(S)
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-DNA is copied
-at the end, each chromosome is 2 chromatids attached at the centomere |
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Second growth phase(G2)
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-preparation made for nucleus to divide
- microtobules are assembled(used to move chromosomes during mitosis) |
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Mitois
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The process during cell division in which the nucleus of the cell is divided into 2 nuclei.
-Each nucleus ends up with the same # and kinds fo chromosomes as the orginal cell |
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Cytokineisis
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The process durig cell division in which the cytoplasm divides.
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G1 checkpoint
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-will the cell divide?
If healthy conditions, syntheis begins. If not, it is stopped. |
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DNA synthesis checkpoint (G2)
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-DNA replication is checked at this point by repair proteins
-prepares for mitosis |
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Mitosis checkpoint
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-triggers the exit from mitosis
-signals the beginning of G1 |
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Cancer
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uncontrolled growth of cells
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Spindles
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cell structures made up of both centrioles and individual microtobule fibers that are involved in moing chromosomes during cell division.
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M: Prophase
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-chromosomes coil up and become visible
-nuclear envelope dissolves -spindle forms |
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M: Metaphase
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-chromosomes move to center of cell; line up across the equator
-spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite poles |
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M: Anaphase
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- centromeres divede
-two chromatid(somes) move toward opposite poles -spindle fibers shorten |
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M: Telophase
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-nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole
-chromosomes at oposite poles uncoil -spindle dissolves -mitosis complete |
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What is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis?
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two genetically identical cells where only one cell exsisted before
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What occurs during cytokinesis?
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-cytoplasm of cell is divided in half
- cellmembrane grows to enclose each cell, forming two seperate cells |
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What happens with cytokinesis in cells that lack cell walls?
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The cell is pinched in half by a belt of protein threads
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What occurs in plant cells, with rigid cell walls?
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they form a cell plate by vesicles that fuse in the golgi apparatus instead.
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What is your middle name?
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Chana
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What does SADD stand for?
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uchhh, you know.
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nalgene?
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plastic bag.
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Tom Green
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Albatross wings.....
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Lick
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the book
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