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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When blood is spun in a centrifuge, what do you find when you take it out? |
formed elements packed down because heavier, plasma rises to top |
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What % of blood volume does plasma make up? |
90% |
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What % of blood volume do the erythrocytes (RBCs) make up? |
45% |
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What % of blood volume do leukocytes (WBCs) make up? |
less than 1% |
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What % of blood volume do platelets make up? |
less than 1% |
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serum |
plasma minus clotting proteins |
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What are the constituents of plasma? |
nonliving fluid matrix, 90% water, 100+ different substances (nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, various waste, products of cell metabolism, etc.) |
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What is the normal pH of blood? |
7.35-7.45 |
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The normal blood volume of a man is _____ L. |
5-6 |
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Unique features of an erythrocyte |
anucleate (lack a nucleus), don't use up oxygen = efficient transporter of oxygen, "bags" of hemoglobin molecules, lack mitochondria, few ganelles, make ATP by anaerobic mechanism |
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hemoglobin |
oxygen carrying component of the RBC |
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measurement of hematocrit |
"blood fraction", 45% of total blood volume taken in a sample |
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measurement of hemoglobin |
transports bulk of oxygen |
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The color of blood may indicate ________. |
amount of oxygen in the blood |
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anemia |
decrease in oxygen carrying ability of blood |
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types of anemia |
iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, B12 deficiency (pernicious), hemorrhagic, hemolytic, aplastic, hereditary (sickle cell, thalasemia) |
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What is the cause of iron deficiency anemia? |
low iron in diet, slow/prolonged bleed, depletes iron needed for hemog. RBCs |
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What is the cause of pernicious anemia? |
decrease in RBC # |
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pernicious |
B12 deficiency |
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What is the cause of hemorrhagic anemia? |
decrease in RBC # |
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What is the cause of hemolytic anemia? |
decrease in RBC # |
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What is the cause of aplastic anemia? |
decrease in RBC # |
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What is the cause of hereditary (sickle cell, thalasemia) anemia? |
abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs |
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What is the effect of iron deficiency anemia of blood? |
inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs |
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What is the effect of B12 deficiency (pernicious) anemia of blood? |
no B12 |
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What is the effect of hemorrhagic anemia of blood? |
sudden hemorrhage (decrease in RBC #s) |
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What is the effect of hemolytic anemia of blood? |
lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections |
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What is the effect of aplastic anemia of blood? |
depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, some medications |
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What is the effect of hereditary (sickle cell, thalasemia) |
genetic defect > abnormal hemoglobin > sharp and sickle under rising oxygen use by body, occurs mainly in people of African descent |
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polycythemia |
excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes (May result from bone marrow cancer, normal physiologic response to higher altitudes) |
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What are WBCs responsible for? |
crucial to body defense against disease |
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How many WBCs are normally present per mm3 of blood? |
4800-10800 WBC/mm3 |
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What might an elevated level of WBCs mean? |
fighting an infection |
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Types of WBCs |
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
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What are the functions of neutrophils? |
active phagocytes, numbers increase rapidly during short-term or acute infections |
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What are the functions of eosinophils? |
kill parasitic worms by deluging with digestive enzymes play complex role in allergy attacks |
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What are the functions of basophils? |
release histamine at sites of inflammation, contain heparin (anticoagulant) |
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What are the functions of lymphocytes? |
part of immune system, one group produces antibodies, graft rejection, fights tumors and viruses via direct cell attack |
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What are the functions of monocytes? |
active phagocytes > macrophages in tissue, long term "clean team", rise in numbers during chronic infection (TB) |
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___ Neutrophils per mm3 |
3000-7000 |
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___ Eosinophils per mm3 |
100-400 |
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____ Basophils per mm3 |
20-50 |
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___ Lymphocytes per mm3 |
1500-3000 |
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___ Monocytes per mm3 |
100-700 |
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leukemia |
"white blood" bone marrow becomes cancerous, increased numbers of WBCs because increase equals immature which means they're not as good at their jobs |
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Where does hematopoiesis take place in the body? |
red bone marrow/myeloid tissue |
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reticulocytes |
young RBC |
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hemostasis |
(hem=blood, stasis=standing still) stop bleeding |
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Vit K Deficiency Disease, Hemophilia, Diseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
clotting disorders |
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During hemostasis ______ spasms narrow blood vessels at would until clotting. |
vascular |
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platelet plug formation |
platelets anchor and release chemicals to increase spasms and increase platelets, begins to form a plug |
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coagulation |
blood clotting |
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The release of TF + PF3 + Ca2+ + clotting factors = _______. |
activator |
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Activator leads to the formation of _______ and _______. |
thrombin, fibrinogen |
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Insoluble fibron is a mesh that traps ___ which is the _____ ____. |
RBC, basis clot |
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The clot _______ which pulls skin _____ and _____ is released. |
retracts, closer, serum |
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Vit K Deficiency Disease |
clotting disorder, newborns don't produce enough the first few days before milk "comes in", shots and supplements available |
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Hemophilia |
"bleeder's disease" hereditary bleeding disorders that equal a decrease in clotting factors |
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Diseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
hemostatic problem, overactive clotting factors, can clot in blood vessels, can clog and restric blood supply to organs which can mean damage, can be "used up" which could equal heavy bleeding with minor injury or spontaneous bleeds without wounds, can damage RBC because travel through small vessels filled with clots |
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DIC |
Diseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
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thrombus |
a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel |
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possible implications of a thrombus |
may prevent blood from flowing to cells past blockage, death of heart muscle, fatal heart attack, could become an embolus |
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reasons for a bleeding disorder |
genetics, impaired liver function, coagulation factors low, long term use of antibiotics, vitamin K deficiency, low RBC count |
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antigen |
substance that the body recognizes as foreign, stimulates immune system to release antibodies or other defense |
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antibody |
"recognizers" present in plasma that attach to RBC bearing surface antigens different from those on patients' RBC |
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agglutination of RBCs |
leads to clogging of small blood vessels phenomenon throughout body, binding of antibodies causes foreign RBCs to clump |
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For the AB blood group, what is their frequency in the following populations? White - Black - Asian - |
4% 4% 5% |
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For the A blood group, what is their frequency in the following populations? White - Black - Asian - |
40% 27% 28% |
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For the B blood group, what is their frequency in the following populations? White - Black - Asian - |
11% 20% 27% |
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For the O blood group, what is their frequency in the following populations? White - Black - Asian - |
45% 49% 40% |
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Which blood group does not have an antigen? |
O |
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Which blood group does not have an antibody? |
AB |
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What antibodies does the A blood group have? |
Anti-B |
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What antibodies does the B blood group have? |
Anti-A |
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What antibodies does the O blood group have? |
Anti-A Anti-B |
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Which blood types can be received in a blood transfusion for the AB blood group? |
A, B, AB, O |
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Universal Blood Group |
O |
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Which blood types can be received in a blood transfusion for the A blood group? |
A, O |
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Which blood types can be received in a blood transfusion for the B blood group? |
B, O |
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Which blood types can be received in a blood transfusion for the O blood group? |
O |
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What is meant by Rh+ blood? |
Rh positive - RBCs carry Rh antigen |
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When Rh+ blood is given to a Rh- person the immune system becomes ________, produces _______ against foreign blood type. |
sensitizes, antibodies |
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_____ hemoglobin has a greater ability to pick up oxygen. |
Fetal (b/c fetal blood is less oxygen rich than Mom's) |