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88 Cards in this Set
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Innate Immunity |
- refers to the defenses that are present at birth - always present and available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease - does not involved specific recognition of a microbe - first line of defense: skin and mucous - second line of defense: natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances |
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Adaptive Immunity |
- based ona specific response to a specific microbe once a mcirobes has branched the innate immunity defense - slower to respond but does have a memory component - involves T cells, and B cells |
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Toll Like Receptos (TLRs) |
- protein receptors in the plasma membranes of defense cells - attach to pathogen- associated molecular patterns |
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Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns |
- attachments on pathogens -ex: lipopolysaccharide. flagella, peptidoglycan, DNA, and RNA |
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Cytokines |
- protiens that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses - one role is to recruit other macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as other defense cells, to isolate and destroy the microbee as part of the inflammatory response - can also activate T cells and B cells |
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Dermis |
- the skin's inner, thicker portion, is composed of connective tissue |
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Epidermis |
- the outer, thinner portion, is in direct contact with the environment - many layers of epithelial cells - microorganisms rarely penetrate the intact surface of the epidermis |
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Keratin |
- protective protein in the epidermis |
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Skin |
- periodic sheddin of the top layer helps remove mcirobes at the surface - dryness of skin is a major factors in inhibiting microbial growth |
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Mucous Membrane |
- consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer - inhibit the entrance of many microbes |
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Mucus |
- secreted by the muscous membrane - fluid that is slightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells -trap many microorganisms that enter the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts |
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Lacrima Apparatus |
- group of structures that manufactures and drains away tears - continual washing action helps keep microorganisms from settling on the surface of the eye |
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Saliva |
- helps dilute the numbers of microorganism and wash them from both the surface of the teeth and mucous membrane of the mouth |
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Ciliary Escalator |
- keeps the musuc blanket moving toward the throat - coughing and sneezing speed up the escalator |
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Epiglottis |
- small lid of cartilage which covers the larynx during swallowing |
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Ear wax |
- helps prevent microbes, ducts, insects, and water from entering the ear |
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Urine |
- cleans the urethra - prevents microbial colonization in the genitourinary tract |
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Peristalis, defecation, vomitting and diarrhea |
- expel microbes |
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Sebum |
- an oily substance the prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle - saturated fatty acids that prevents the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi |
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Lysozyme |
- en enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram positive bacteria and to lesser extent, gram negative bacteria - found in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, tissues fluids, and urine |
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Saliva |
- composed of lysozyme, urea, and uric acid |
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Gastric Juice |
- mixute of hydrolic acid, enzymes, and mucus - very high acidity is capable of destroying bacteria and most bacteria toxins |
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Vaginal Secretions |
- glycogen produced by vaginal epithelial cells is brocken down into lactic acid - this creates an acid pH that inhibits microbes |
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Probiotics |
- are live microbial cultures applies to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect |
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Leukocytes |
- white blood cells - divided into two main categories: granulocytes and agranulocytes |
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Granulocytes |
- prsence of large gaules in thier cytoplasm that cen be seen under light microscope staining - divided into three types of cells based on how they stain |
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Neutrophils |
- types of granulocytes - stian pale lilac with mixture of acid and basic dye - are highly phagocytic and motile and are active in the initial stages of infection - have the ability to leave the blood, enter an infected tissue, and destroy microbes and foreign particles |
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Basophiles |
- stain blue purple - release substances such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses |
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Eosinophils |
- stain red or orange - are somewhat phagocytic and also have the ability to leave the blood - major function is to produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, such as helminths - attach to the helminths and discharge peroxide ions that destroy them |
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Agranulocytes |
- also have granules in their cytoplam but are not visible under light microscope - three different types |
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Monocytes |
- are not actively phaocytic until they leave circulating blood, enter body tissue, and matures into macrophages |
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Macrophages |
- dispose of worn out blood cells |
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Dendritic Cells |
- are believed to be derived from monocytes - are especially abundant in the epidermis of the skin, mucus membrane, the thymus, and lymph nodes - main function if to destroy microbes by phagocytosis and to initiate adaptive immunity response |
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Lymphocytes |
- include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells |
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Natural killer Cells |
- are found in the blood and in the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow - have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells - attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins |
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Perforin |
- proteins contained in granules - insert into the plasma membrane and create channels in the membrane |
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Granzymes |
- release by granules from NK cells - protein digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis or self destruction |
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Leukocytosis |
- the total number of white blood cells increases as a protective immune response |
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Leukopenia |
- when an infection casuses the a decrease in the leukocytes amount |
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Differntial White Blood Cell Count |
- which is a calculation of the percentage of each kind of white blood cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells |
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Lymphatic System |
- consits of fluid called lymph, vessels, called lymphatic vessles, a number of structures and organs containing lymphoid tissues and red bone marrow |
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Lymphatic Capillaries |
- located in the spaces between the cells - capillaries permit interstitial fluid derived from blood plasma to flow into them but not out - fluid is called lymph |
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Lymphatic Vessels |
- have one way valves to keep lymth flowing in one direction |
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Lymph Nodes |
- are sites of activation of T cells and B cells whcih destroy microbes by immune responses - |
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Spleen |
- contian lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes and secreted products such as toxins much |
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Thymus |
- serves as a site for T cell maturation - also contains dendritic cells and marocphages |
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Phagocytosis |
- is the ingestion of a microorganims or other substances by a cell |
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Fixed Macrophages |
- macrophages that are resident in certain tissues and organs of the body |
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Free Wandering Macrophges |
- which roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation |
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Monouclear Phagocytic System |
- the various macrophage of the body |
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Chemotaxis |
- the chemical attraction of phagocytes to the microorganisms |
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Adherence |
- the attachement of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other forein material |
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Opsoinzation |
- mciroorganisms that are coated with certain serum proteins that promote attachment of the microorganisms to the phagocytes |
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Ingestion |
- the plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the microorganism |
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Digestion |
- the phagosome pinches off form the plasma membrane and enters the cytoplasm - it contact lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances - forms phagolysosome |
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Inflammation |
- local defensive response - another component of the second line defense - damage can be done by microbial infection, physical agents, or chemical agents |
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Acute Inflammation |
- if the cause of inflammation is removed and relatively short period of time and intense |
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Chronic Inflammation |
- if the cause of an inflammation is difficult or impossible to remove - the inflammatory response is longer lasting but less intense |
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Functions of Inflammation |
- to destory the injurious agent if possible and remove it and its by products form the body - if destruction is not possible, to limit the effects on the body by confining or walling of the injurious agent its by products - to repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent or its by product |
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Acute Phase Proteins |
- are in the blood inactive but are activated during inflamation - they induce local and systemic responses and induce proteins for blood clotting and for vasodilation - |
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Vasodilation |
- increases blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for the redness and heat associated with inflamation |
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Increased Permeability |
- permits defensive substances normally retained in the blodo to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area - permits the fluid to move from the blood into tissue spaces is responsible for edema of inflammation |
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Histamines |
- chemical present in many cells of the body especially in mast amount in the connective tissue, cirulating pashopils, and blood platelets - released in direct response to the injury of cells that contain it - also released in response to stimulation by certain components of the complement system - cause vasodilation |
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Kinins |
- cause vasodilation - present in the blood plasma and once activated they place a role in chemotaxis by attracting phagocytes granulocytes, chiefly neutrophils to the injured sites |
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Prostaglandins |
- substances released by damaged cells, intensify the effectes of histamine and kinis and help phagocytes move thorugh capillary walls - related with the pain in inflammation |
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Leukotrienes |
- substances produced by mast cells and basophils - cause increases permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes and to pathogens |
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Cytokines |
- which bring vasodilation and increased permeability |
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Pus |
- a mixture of dead cells and body fluids in cavity formed by the break down of body tissue |
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Abcess |
- focus of infection - common: pustules and boils |
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Margination |
- the sticking process in response to local cytokines - cytokines alter CAMs on cells lining blood vessels, causing phagocytes to stick at the site of the inflammation |
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Dispedesis |
- collected phagocytes beign to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels to reach the damged cell |
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Tissue Repair |
- the process by which tissue replace dead and damaged cells - being during the active phase of inflammation but cannot be completed until all harmful substances have been removed or neutralized at the site of injury |
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Fever |
- an abnormally high body temperature - third component of second line of defense - most frequent cause of fever is infection from bacteria or viruses |
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Crisis |
- indicates that the body temperature is falling |
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Fever Defense |
- interleukin helps set up the production of T cells - high body temperature intensifies the effect of antiviral interferon and increased production of transferrins that decrease the ion available to microbes - helps body tissue repair themselves more quickly |
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Complement System |
- defensive sytem consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found in circulating in blood serum |
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Complement System Functions |
- destory micorbes by: cytolysis, inflammation, and phagocytosis, and also prevent excesive damage to host tissue |
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Opsonization |
- C3b binds to the surface of a microbe and receptors on phagocytes attach to the C3b - C3b promotes the attachment of phagocyte to a microbe |
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Membrane Attack Complex |
- First C3b splits C5 into C5b and C5a - fragments C5b C6 C7 and C8 bind together and insert into the plasma membrane of the invading cell - form a transmembrane channel and cause cytolysis |
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Inflammation |
- C3a and C5a bind to mast cells and cause them to release histamine and other chemicals that increase blood vessel permeability ` |
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Classical Pathway |
- antibodies attacth to antigens forming antigen antibody complexes bind and activate C1 |
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Alternative Pathway |
- does not involve antibodies - activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen |
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Lectin Pathway |
- when macropahges ingest bacteria, viruses, and other foreign matter by phagocytosis they release cytokines that stimulate the liver to produce lectins |
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Mannose Binding Lectin |
- type of lecitn - binds to many pathogens - functions as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis |
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Interferons |
- functions is to interfere with viral mulitplication - they are host cell specific but not virus specific |
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Antiviral Prtoeins |
- proteins are enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral mulitplication |
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Iron binding Proteins |
- their function is to transport and store iron by doing so they deprive most pathogens of the avaliable iron |
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Antimicrobial Peptides |
- may be one fo the most important components of innate immunity - short peptides that consist of chain of amino acids - include activities against bacteria, viruses, fungi and eukaryotic parasites - inhibit cell wall synthesis forming pores in the plasma, and destroying DNA and RNA |