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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cytology
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Study of cellular structure and function
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Cell Biology
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Incorporates aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics.
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Sex cells (germ/reproductive cells)
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sperm of males or the oocytes of females
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Somatic cells
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Include all the other cells in the human body
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Human body contains two general classes of cells
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Sex cells, Somatic cells
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extracellular fluid
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Model cell that is surrounded by a watery medium
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interstitial fluid
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extracellular fluid in most tissues
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cell membrane/plasma membrane
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The outer boundary of the cell
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Functions of the cell membrane/plasma membrane
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Physical Isolation, Regulation of Exchange with the Environment, Sensitivity to the Environment, Structural Support
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phospholipid bilayer
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cell membrane
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Integral proteins
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part of the membrane structure and cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane
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Peripheral proteins
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bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it
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Anchoring proteins
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Attach the cell membrane to other structures and stabilize it position
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recognition proteins
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Cells of the immune system (Identifiers)recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of characteristic
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Functions of Membrane Proteins
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Anchoring proteins, recognition proteins (identifiers),enzymes, receptor proteins,carrier proteins and channels
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Receptor proteins
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bonds to a specific molecule as another substance and initiates the cellular response to the ligands
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ligands
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cell membrane are sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules
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Carrier proteins
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bind solutes and transport them across the cell membrane.
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Channel
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integral proteins contain a central pore that forms a passageway completely across the cell membrane.
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glycocalyx
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The carbohydrate portions of these large molecules extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane, forming a layer
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Functions of Glycocalyx
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Lubrication and protection, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding and recognition
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cytoplasm
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material located between the cell membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus
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cytosol/intracellular fluid
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contains dissolved nutrients, ions,soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products
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organelles
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structures suspended within the cytosol that perform functions within the cell
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nonmembranous organelles
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Not completely enclosed by membranes, and all of their components are in direct contact with the cytosol
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membranous organelles
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Isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes, just as the cell membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid
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cytoskeleton
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It provides an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
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microfilaments
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smallest of the cytoskeletal elements
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actin
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typical microfilaments are composed of the protein
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intermediate filaments
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???
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Cytoskeleton- four components
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microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and thick filaments
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microtubules
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all our cells contain microtubules, hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin
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Tubulin
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????
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thick filaments
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relatively massive bundles of subunits composed of the protein myosin
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myosin
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????
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microvilli
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Small finger shaped projections of the cell membrane on their exposed surfaces
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Centrioles
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all animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair
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centrosome
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The cytoplasm surrounding the centriles is the heart of the cytoskeletal system
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cilia
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relatively long slender extensions of the cell membrane
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basal body
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microtubules are anchored to a compact basal body situated just beneath the cell surface
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small ribosomal subunit
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functional ribosome consists of two subunits that are normally separate and distinct. Subunits contain special proteins and 1 of the RNA types
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large ribosomal subunit
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???
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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???
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free ribosomes
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scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The proteins they manufacture enter the cytosol.
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fixed ribosomes
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attached to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) a membranous organelle
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ribosomes
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an organelle that contains rRNA and proteins and is essential to mRNA translation and protein synthesis
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proteasomes
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organelles that contain an assortment of protein-digesting enzymes.
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endoplasmic reticulum/ER
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a network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus.
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cisternae
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ER forms hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
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no ribosomes are associated with the SER and has 4 functions all associated with the synthesis of lipids and carbs,
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) functions
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synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol, synthesis of steroid hormones, synthesis and storage of glycerides, syn. & stor. of glycogen
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rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
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functions as a combination workshop and shipping depot, many newly syn. proteins are chemically modified and packaged for export to next destination
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transport vesicles
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subsequently deliver their contents to the
Golgi apparatus, ?????? |
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Golgi apparatus
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a transport vesicle carries a newly synth. protein or glycoprotein that is destined for export from cell, travels from ER to an organelle (stack of dinner plates)
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Secretory vesicles
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contain secretions that will be discharged from the cell
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peroxisomes
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a membranous vesicle containing enzymes that break down hypdrogne peroxie (H2O2)
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Membrane flow
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the movement of sections of membrane surface to and from the cell surface and components of the ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles
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mitochondria
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an intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP required for cellular operations (responsible for energy production)
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cristae
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inner membrane of the mitochondria contains numerous folds
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matrix
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the extracellular fibers and ground substance of a connective tissue
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Glycolysis
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the anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid by way of pruvic acid, with a net gain of two ATP molecules
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tricarboxylic acid cycle/TCA cycle
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the aerobic reaction sequence that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria ?????pg g-20
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aerobic metabolism
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the complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water,via pyruvic acid, a process that yields large amts. of ATP ....
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nucleus
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a cellular organelle that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins, in the central nervous system, a mass of gray matter.
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lysosomes
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an intracellular vesicle containing digestive enzymes
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autolysis
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the destruction of a cell due to the rupture of lysosomal membranes in its cytoplasm
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nuclear envelope
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surrounding the nucleus and separating it from the cytosol
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perinuclear space
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a double layer membrane with its two layers separated by a narrow space ???
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nuclear pores
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chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol occurs
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nuclear matrix
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a network of fime filaments that provides structural support and may be involved in the regulation of genetic activity.
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nucleoli
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transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA
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histones
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nucleoli composed of RNA, enzymes, and proteins
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nucleosome
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the DNA strands wind around the histones, forming a complex
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chromatin
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cells that are not dividing, the nucleosomes are loodely coiled within the nucleus, forming a tangle of fine filaments
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chromosomes
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before cell division begins, the coiling becomes tighter, forming distinct structures
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Genetic code
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chemical language, the cell uses
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gene
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the functional unit of heredity: it contains all the DNA triplets needed to produce specific proteins
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gene activation
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Before a gene can affect a cell, the portion of the DNA molecule containing that gene must be uncoiled and the histones temporarily removed????
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme, binds to the promoter of the gene
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transcription
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the production of RNA from a DNA template. It means "to copy" or "rewrite"
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Messenger RNA
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carries the information needed to synthesize proteins. Is absolutely vital, because DNA cannot leave the nucleus.
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coding strand
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strand containing the triplets that specify the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
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template strand
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the other strand, contains complementary triplets that will be used as a template for mRNA production
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RNA processing
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immature mRNA must be "edited" before it leaves the nucleus to direct protein synthesis
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introns
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nonsense regions that are snipped out
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exons
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coding segments that are spliced together
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protein synthesis
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the assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm
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translation
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the formation of a linear chain of amino acids, using the information provided by an mRNA strand. this crap don't make sense!!!
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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a relatively small and mobile type of RNA
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