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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is matter? |
Anything that takes up space and has a mass. |
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What is the difference between Mass and Matter? |
Mass - The amount of matter a substance contains Weight - The force of gravity acting on a mass. |
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What are the 3 forms matter consists in? |
1) Solid 2) Liquid 3) Gas |
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** What 4 elements make up 96% of our Bodies? ** |
O - Oxygen C - Carbon N - Nitrogen H - Hydrogen |
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What is the smallest unit of matter and what does it consist of? |
Atoms The are composed of 3 parts: Protons - Positively Charged Electrons - Negatively Charged Neutrons - No Charge(Neutral) |
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Of the 3 Parts of an Atom, What is the nucleus composed of? |
The nucleus is composed of Protons and Neutrons |
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What is the atomic number of an atom? |
The number of protons in the nucleus. |
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What is the mass number of an atom? |
The combined total of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
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How many electrons are in an atom? Why? |
The amount of electrons will always be the same as the number of protons. This is because atoms are always electrically neutral. |
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How many protons are in a Carbon atom? |
Carbon always has 6 Protons. |
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How many protons are in a Nitrogen atom? |
Nitrogen always has 7 Protons. |
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What is an isotope? |
Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore have a different atomic mass. Ex: In oxygen, most atoms have 8 Neutrons but some have 9 or 10 neutrons. However all have 8 Electrons and 8 Protons. Most Isotopes are stable which means the nuclear makeup doesn't change over time. |
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What is a radioisotope? |
These are unstable isotopes that decay over time and emit radiation. The often change into a different element over time. Ex: C-14(6 Protons - 8 Neutrons) becomes N-14 (7 Protons - 7 Neutrons) |
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What is the atomic mass of an element? |
The atomic mass/weight of an element is the average mass of all its natural occurring isotopes. |
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What is an Ion? |
An atom that has either lost or gain and electron. |
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What is the different between a Cation and an Anion? |
Cations (+) - have lost an electron thus making it positively charged Anion (-) - have gained an electron thus making it negatively charged. This is because Electrons are Negatively charged. |
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What is a Molecule? |
A molecule has 2 or more atoms bonded together. Ex: O2 Two Oxygen atoms bonded together |
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What is a compound molecule? |
A substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements. Ex: H2O Two Hydrogen atoms bonded with One Oxygen atom. |
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What is a chemical Bond? When is the atoms stable? |
A chemical bond is when two atoms bond together like glue holding them together. The atoms become stable with the outer most (Valence) shell is full. |
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How many electrons are in the first shell? How many are in the other shells? |
The first shell holds 2 Electrons, the other shells hold 8 Electrons. |
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How does an atom achieve stability? |
This can be achieved in 3 different ways. 1) Gaining an electron 2) Losing an electron 3) Sharing an electron |
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What is an Ionic Bond? Where are they commonly found in the body? |
An Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. Often found in bones/teeth to provide strength. |
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Provide an example of a Ionic Bond |
Sodium Transfers its One(1) Valence electron to Chlorine which has Seven(7) Valence electrons to create SodiumChloride (NaCl) |
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What is a Covalent Bond? Are these strong or weak bonds? |
A covalent bond is where atoms share pairs of Valence electrons. These are strong bond and get even stronger when there are more bonds made with each other. Ex: O2, H2, N2 |
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What are Polar Covalent Bonds? |
Atoms that bond with more than one other atom. Ex: Methane is composed of 1 Carbon Atom and 4 Hydrogen Atoms Carbon has 4 Valence Electrons and the Hydrogen atoms each have 1 Valence Electrons thus bonding to create CH4 This is also true with Water (H20) which is 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom to acheive stability |
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What are the lesser elements of the body? |
1) Calcium 2) Phosphorus 3) Potassium 4) Sulfer 5) Sodium 6) Chlorine 7) Magnesium 8) Iron |
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What is a Hydrogen Bond? Where are they important. |
A weak bond within molecules due to partial charges due to polar covalent bonds involving H. These bonds break and reform easily. These are important links in Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
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What is a chemical reaction? |
A chemical reaction occurs which new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken. Ex: 2x H2 and 1x O2 react to create 2x H2O |
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What are the 4 types of chemical reactions? |
Synthesis (Anabolic) - Requires Energy Input ex: A + B = AB Decomposition (Catabolic) - Energy is released ex: AB = A + B Exchange (Anabolic and Catabolic) ex: AB + CD = AD + BC Reversible (Products can revert to the original state) AB <--> A + B |
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What is a mixture? |
This is when two or more components are blended together but there is no physical bond happening. This includes Solutes and Solvents. Example: Sugar and Water Water is the solvent and the sugar dissolves into it as the Solute. However the do not become bonded. |
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What is suspension when it comes to mixture? |
A liquid that contains undissolved substances in it. The suspended substance will eventually settle out. Example: Blood cells are suspended in Plasma. Eventually they will separate into their respective groups |
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What are inorganic compounds? What is the most important inorganic compound? |
Compounds that often do not contain a Carbon atom. The most important inorganic compound is Water. (H2O) |
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What other compounds are inorganic. |
Acids, Salts, and Bases. |
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What is it called when water is added to break a chemical bond? |
Hydrolysis Reaction |
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What is called when water is removed to make bonds? |
Dehydration Synthesis |
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What is an example of Hydrolysis Reactions and Dehydration Synthesis. |
Water is added to Sucrose to break the bond and create Glucose and Fructose. Water is removed from Glucose and Fructose to Make Sucrose + Water |
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What does an Acid do in water? |
Dissociates into H+ and Anions They are Proton Donors |
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What do Bases do in Water? |
Dissocaites into HO- and Cations They are Proton Acceptors ex: OH- + H+ = H2O |
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What do salts do in water? |
Dissociate into Cations and Anions, none of which are OH- or H+ |
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Give an example of Salts, Acids and Bases in Water. |
Acids: HCl = H+ and Cl- Base: KOH = K+ OH- Salts: KCl = K+ Cl- |
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On a scale, explain the difference between acids and bases. |
Acids have a higher H+ Content Bases have a higher OH- Content |
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What is the pH level of Blood. |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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What are the characteristics of an Organic Compound? |
Organic compounds always contain C and H and usually contain O. Larger compounds than Inorganics Ex: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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What are Monosaccharides? |
These are the building blocks of Carbs. They simple sugars containing 3 - 7 carbon atoms. Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose (In DNA), Ribose (RNA) |
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What are Carbohydrates used for? What is the main Carbohydrate? |
It is the main energy source (ATP) for the body. The most abundant carb is stored in the form of Glycogen |
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What is a Disaccharide? |
Simple Sugars formed by the combination of 2 Monosaccharides using Dehydration Synthesis. Ex: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose |
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What are Polysaccharides? |
The combination of tens to hundreds of Monosaccharides using Dehydration Snythesis. Ex: Glycogen - Stored source of carbs for energy in animals Starch - Stored source of carbs in plants Cellulose - Part of the cell walls in plants. Cannot be digested by humans but aids in the movement of food through the intestines |
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What are Lipids? Provide Examples |
Compounds that are not soluble in water. Fatty Acids Tryglycerides Phospholipids Steroids |
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What is the function of Fatty Acids? |
Used to create triglycerides and phospholipids or are catabolized to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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What is ATP? |
Adenosine Triphosphate - Main source of energy for the body. |
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What are triglycerides? |
They are used for Protection, Insulation, and Energy storage. |
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What are phospholipids? |
Major lipid component of the cell membrane. Contain a Polar head on each side and nonpolar tails in between. |
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Give examples of steroids |
Cholesterol Bile salts - Needed for digestion and absorption of lipids Vitamin D - Helps regulate the calcium levels in the body Sex Hormones - Stimulate reproductive Functions Adrenocortical Hormones - Helps regulate Metabolism |
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What are Triglycerides(TG) composed of? |
3 Carbon Glycerol which is 3 Carbon molecule and 3 FA which vary depending on the TG |
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How many rings of carbon atoms do steroid have? |
4 Rings |
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What components do Proteins always have? What are they used for? |
H, C, O, N, and some have S. They help regulate the body's processes, provide protection, assist in body movement, and help transport substances |
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What are amino acids |
These are the building blocks of proteins. |
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What is Glycine composed of? |
NH2-CH2-COOH |
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What is a peptide bond? |
A peptide bond is the bonding of two or more amino acids through dehydration synthesis. |
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What is the function of an Enzyme? |
Enzymes are used to Catalyst or speed up chemical reactions in the body by aligning the Substrates together. They are extremely effective. They usually have a suffix of 'ase' |
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What is DNA and RNA Composed of? |
C, H, O, N, and P |
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What are the Nitrogenous Bases of DNA |
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine |
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What are the nitrogen bases of RNA |
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil |
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What is the function of DNA |
Creates the genetic code for the body cells and regulates most of the cells activity. |
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What is the function of RNA |
The guide for Protein Snythesis |
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In DNA what bases bond together |
Adenine to Thymine and Guanine to Cytosine |
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In RNA what bases bond together |
Adenine to Uracil and Guanine to Cytosine |
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What type of bones are found in RNA and DNA |
Hydrogen Bonds |
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What are the Type of RNA? |
mRNA - Messenger RNA tRNA - Transfer RNA rRNA - Ribosomal RNA |
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What types of DNA are there? |
Nuclear, Mitochondrial |
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How does RNA and DNA Replication differ? |
DNA is self replicated RNA uses DNA as a blueprint |
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How many Strands are in DNA vs RNA |
DNA has a double helix strand(2) RNA has a single strand |