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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What animals generally get focal compressive myelopathy from malformations?
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Dogs and horses-typically cervical
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What animal commonly gets disk disease? What region of the vertebral column is most commonly affected?
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Dogs
T3-L3 |
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How is degenerative myelopathy different from focal compressive myelopathy?
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Degenerate myelopathy=Diffuse process-affects all tracts
Focal compressive myelopathy has degeneration but is a localized lesion -Clinically very similar |
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How do dogs with German Shepherd myelopathy present? what should you first rule out?
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With pelvic limb signs even though it is a diffuse lesion
-Rule out disk disease first, but high suspicious in an aging GS dogs |
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What part of the spinal cord is most often affected by focal compressive myelopathy?
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Cervical spinal cord
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What are the clinical signs of an animal with a neuroanatomic diagnosis of focal cervical spinal cord disease?
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All 4 limbs affected-tetraparesis/tetraplegia
-UMN-more prominent because they are on the outer part of the spinal cord |
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Are clinical signs in animals with compressive myelopathy generally symmetric or asymmetric?
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Symmetric
-Can be some mild asymmetry if the spinal canal narrowing is due to an asymmetric lesion |
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Why are clinical signs of cervical compressive myelopathy more severe in the pelvic limbs than in the thoracic limbs?
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Because the pelvic tracts are on the outer sides of the spinal cord so get affected first and worst
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What sites of spinal cord compression can result in both UMN and LMN gait deficits?
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Spinal rootlets-brachial plexus, pelvis plexus
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What type of degenerative process occurs above and below a focal site of spinal cord compression?
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Wallerian Degeneration-primary axonal degeneration with secondary demyelination
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What are the abnormalities you will see on a histopathology slide from a horse with cervical stenotic myelopathy?
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Swollen axons= spheroids, digestion chambers containing macrophages clearing axonal and myelin debris, reactive astrocytes
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What age group are most cervical stenotic myelopathy horses?
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Young growing horses (1-4 yo)
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What part of the spinal cord is most commonly affected by cervical stenotic myelopathy in horses?
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C5-C7 resulting in dorsal or dorsolateral narrowing of the vertebral canal
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What is the most common age of animals with cervical dynamic stenosis?
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8-18 months
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What is cervical dynamic stenosis? What region of the spinal cord is usually affected?
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Narrowing of the spinal cord during flexions of the neck-C3-C5
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Cervical stenotic myelopathy in younger animals is thought to reflect what?
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Abnormal bone/cartilage development similar to OCD in limb joints
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What part of the spinal cord is affected in canine wobblers?
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Caudal cervical area (C5-C7)
In bassets-C3 |
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What age of dogs usually are the canine wobblers?
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8 months -1 year of age
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What is the most common cause of focal spinal cord compression/compressive myelopathy in dogs?
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Ruptured intervertebral disk disease
Slips dorsally in dogs |
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What region of the spinal cord does a ruptured intervertebral disk disease most often involve in dogs?
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Thoracolumbar: T3-L3
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What dog breeds are predisposed to a ruptured intervertebral disk disease and why?
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Dachshun, corgi's, Basset hounds
Chondrodystrophic breeds: nucleus pulposus gets replaced w/ cartilage |
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How do you determine the prognosis of a ruptured intervertebral disk disease?
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if they feel deep pain they will often be okay
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What is ascending and descending myelomalacia?
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Traumatic injury to the spinal cord can cause stretching and tearing of blood vessels, within the gray matter resulting in a softening to semiliquefaction (myelomalacia) and hemorrhage of gray matter
-Really bad |
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What clinical signs are seen with ascending or descending myelomalacia?
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Characterized by neurologic deficits consistent w/ a sudden onset of ascending or descending flaccid paralysis and sensory abnormalities
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What clinical signs will we see in an animal with a slipped intervertebral disk?
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Paraparesis/paraplegia in pelvic limbs
-UMN pelvic limbs -Rapid onset |
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Should a disk disease progress?
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No, should slip out and then stabilize; so have acute onset for a few days
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How does an animal's history and signalment help to differentiate malformation/malarticulation from intervertebral disk extrusion?
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Young (malformation) VS old (IVDD)
Chondrodystrophic VS large breed (malformation) Limbs affected (UMN All 4-wobbler, UMN-pelvic-IVDD) Slowly progressive (malformation) VS sudden (IVDD) |
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What is the signalment and history going to be for an animal with a intervertebral disk disease?
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Older dog,T3-L3 affected so have spastic paraparesis of pelvic limbs, sudden onset
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What is the signalment and history of a dog with malformation/malarticulation?
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Young dog, Cervical--> spastic tetraparesis, slowly progressive
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What else can make space occupying lesions and cause focal compressive myelopathy in animals other than malformation and IVDD?
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Vertebral abscesses
Neoplasia |
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What are often the clinical signs of myelination disorders?
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Tremors and/or spasticity
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What is the best known demyelinating disease in people?
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Multiple sclerosis
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What is it called when a tremor disorder is present at birth?
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Congenital tremor
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What are 2 terms often used to characterize the microscopic lesion of decreased myelin density?
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Hypomyelinogenesis/ dysmyelination
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What are 2 possible causes of hypomyelinogensis in pigs?
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Viral (BVD, hog cholera, border disease)
Congenital/inherited |
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What are "Hairy shaker" lambs?
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Have dysmyelination caused by infection w/ border disease virus
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What are some possible outcomes in piglets and lambs with dysmyelination?
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1) Congenital CNS myelin defect
-Some will outgrow it and recover 2) If demyelinating-NO REPAIR |
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What are some signs that dysmyelination can cause in neonatal animals aside from tremors?
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Depression, cerebellar ataxia, inability to stand, tetanic spasms when stimulated
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What is the coordination center of the brain?
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Cerebellum
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What are the clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease?
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Loss of menace
Truncal ataxia Dysmetria (hyper- or hypometria) Intention tremor (tremor when they try to move) Drunken staggering gait (titubation) Loss of conscious proprioception Loss of balance |
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What does hypoplasia mean?
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Lack of growth
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What does abiotrophy mean? What does it lead to?
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Refers to a lack of trophic factor necessary to maintain a cell's life
-Leads to selective cell death, kills Purkinje cells |
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What cells degenerate with cerebellar abiotrophy?
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Purkinje cells
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What are the most common causes of cerebellar hypoplasia & abiotrophy?
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Parvovirus and pestivirus (BVDV) in utero, leading to a lack of formation
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What cerebellar disorder will always cause clinical signs from birth?
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Hypoplasia present at birth-developmental anomaly of growth sometimes can compensate and get a little better
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What cerebellar disorder will always cause clinical signs in the postnatal period?
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Abiotrophy, forms normally and degenerates
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What condition does abiotrophy of the cerebellum mimic?
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Storage diseases
-clinical signs: cerebellar, visual, spinal cord -also, both have slow progression |
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In what horse breeds is cerebellar abiotrophy inherited? mode of inheritance?
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Found almost exclusively in Arabian horses
-Autosomal recessive |
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What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in calves?
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BVDV
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What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in kittens?
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Feline panleukopenia
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What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in sheep & goats?
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Border disease virus (pesti)
Blue tongue |
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What in utero viral infections most commonly cause cerebellar disease in pigs?
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Classical swine fever (AKA hog cholera)
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Why is the cerebellum often preferentially affected by in utero viral infections?
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Need or prefer dividing cells and the cerebellum develops later in gestation and is still dividing at birth (external granular layer)
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What are common clinical signs of viral encephalomyelitis?
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Signs of cerebral and UMN spinal cord dysfunction
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What are the 2 most likely routes of entry of viruses into the CNS?
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1) Hematogenous (leukocytic trafficking)
2) Retrograde axonal transport (up peripheral nerves) |
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Is nonsuppurative inflammation typical of viral infections?
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Yes, usually form lymphoplasmocytic perivascular cuffs
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What is the body's immune response to a viral infections?
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Neutralizing antibody or kill the cells the infect
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What are the host and pathogen factors that can influence whether a viral encephalitis is fatal or not?
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1) Host immune response (age, nutritional status, other disorders)
2) Virus: virulence and persistence |
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Compare the logistical factors related to care of animals recumbent due to viral encephalitis that affect the outcome in small animals, large animals and people?
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A lot easier to deal w/ a paralyzed small animal than a paralyzed large animal (have more complications when down)
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What are 4 common causes of viral CNS inflammation (encephalitis, myelitis) in horses?
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1) Equine herpes virus 1
2) EEE/WEE/ VEE-equine encephalomyelitis 3) WNV 4) Rabies |
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What is different about the nature of the injury in EHV-1 vs most other viral diseases?
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Causes vascular injury
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What are common viral causes of CNS inflammation in dogs? (3) Which ones also infects ferrets, raccoons, lions and tigers?
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1) Canine distemper*
2) Rabies* 3) Old dog encephalitis |
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What are 6 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in cattle?
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1) Rift valley fever
2) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever 3) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 4) Blue tongue 5) BVDV 6) Rabies |
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What are 2 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in goats?
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1) Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus
2) Rabies |
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What are 5 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in pigs?
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1) Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis
2) Enteritis induced porcine polioencephalomyelitis 3) Pseudorabies 4) Hog cholera 5) Rabies |
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What are 3 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in birds?
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1) WNV
2) EEE 3) WEE |
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What are 4 common viral causes of CNS inflammation in camelids?
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1) Rabies
2) EHV1 3) WNV 4) EEE |
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What virus can cause neurologic disease in cats that may be associated w/ inflammatory lesions in other organs or can just be confined to the brain?
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FIP
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What is different about the type of inflammation associated w/ FIP as compared to other viral diseases?
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CNS form; there's an immune attack so its not just the virus and lymphocytes and plasmocytes there's more of an immune component where get vascular injury and then see neutrophils and macrophages (pyogranulomatous inflammation w/ vasculitis and tissue necrosis)
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What viral diseases of the CNS are associated with viral inclusions that allow for an etiologic diagnosis based on routine histopathology alone?
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1) Rabies-negri bodies
2) Canine distemper-viral inclusions |
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What are the 4 best ancillary tests for definitive diagnosis of the cause of viral infection of the CNS?
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1) Viral isolation-requires fresh tissue
2) Viral PCR-most often fresh tissue 3) Fluorescent antibody testing-fresh tissue 4) IHC o fixed tissue sections |
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Where are cases of equine protozoal encephalomyelitis infection seen?
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Only in horses in North and South America
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Where are the lesions present in animals with equine protozoal encephalomyelitis?
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Brain & spinal cord
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What is the causative agent of equine protozoal encephalomyelitis?
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Sarcocystis neurona-a protoza
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What type of response do we see to sarcocystic neurona in horses?
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Because protozoa are so small don't see the normal granulomatous response. Due to replication inside the cell we see some monocytic/macrophages response but not as major
-Mainly lymphoplasmocytic |
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What is the most likely explanation for the lack of EPM occurrence in other parts of the world?
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No definitive host- opossum
No intermediate host-racoons, skunks, armadillos |
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True or false. All horses with positive antibodies to EPM have the disease.
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False, many horses have positive antibody titers and never show disease- requires a stressor or immunosuppression?
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Is the distribution of EPM gross lesions asymmetric or symmetric?
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Asymmetric-create differing lesions all over the CNS, hard to localize
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What anatomic areas of the brain and spinal cord are most commonly affected by EPM?
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-Brain stem and cervical and lumbar areas of the spinal cord (motor neurons to pelvic limbs-lumbosacral enlargement)
-White & grey matter |
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What is the typical signalment of a horse with EPM?
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Young adult horses, signs are dependent on area of CNS affected
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What are some clinical signs of EPM?
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Varies on area affected
-Depression, behavioral changes, seizures, gait abnormalities, ataxia, facial nerve paralysis, head tilt, paralysis of the tongue, urinary incontinence, dysphagia, denervation atrophy of the masseter and/or temporal muscles, denervation atrophy of the triceps and/or gluteal muscles. SEVERE ATROPHY! |
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There are many foamy macrophages clearing debris in areas of parenchymal necrosis on a histo of a horse w/ EPM, why is their presence not indicative of granulomatous inflammation?
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They are just cleaning up debris, causes a lymphoplasmocytic response
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True or false. EPM only affects the grey matter.
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False, affects both white and grey matter
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How do the gross and microscopic lesions of EPM relate to the typical clinical signs?
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Most typical clinical picture is pelvic limb and facial nerve associated
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Why is muscle atrophy a common finding of EPM?
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Damage to the neurons cause Wallerian degeneration and denervation atrophy
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How do the rate of onset, severity and asymmetric features of the muscle atrophy of EPM support a diagnosis of denervation atrophy?
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Asymmetric and rapid/severe, not other type of atrophy acts this way
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Many of the clinical signs and pathologic lesions of EPM resemble _______ in ruminants.
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Listeriosis
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What is needed for a positive diagnosis of EPM?
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Clean CSF tap-but many horses w/o signs have positive titers
-Best way to diagnose is neuro exam and rule out other causes |
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What protozoa will cause CNS infections in cats?
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Toxoplasma
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What protozoa will cause CNS infections in dogs?
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Neospora caninum
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True or false. Tapeworm cysts can cause space occupying lesions in the brain, especially in ruminants.
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True, think of nasal bots in sheep
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What insect larvae can migrate into the CNS of sheep?
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Nasal bots-Oestrus ovis
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How can you know that a parasite is causing CNS damage grossly?
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Aberrant migration causes extensive parenchymal damage most often in a tract pattern reflecting migration
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What insect larvae can migrate into the CNS of cattle?
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Hypoderma bovis-warbles
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What nematode larvae most commonly migrate into the CNS of horses?
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Strongylus vulgaris
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Why is strongylus vulgaris migration into the CNS of horses a rare entity these days?
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Killed easily by Ivermectin
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What nematode larvae most commonly migrates into the CNS of dog?
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Baylisascaris procyonis (most common)
Dirofilaria |
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What nematode larvae most commonly migrates into the CNS of camelids, sheep, and goats, but only in the area of white tailed deer??
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Parelaphostronglus tenius (meningeal worms)
-Can be in horses too |
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What is meningitis?
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Inflammation of meninges
-Involvement of brain parenchyma can occur (meningoencephalitis) |
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What can be grossly seen in some cases of severe meningitis?
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Meninges may be grossly visible thickened or discolored
-But in most cases inflammation is only detected microscopically |
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What are the clinical signs of meningitis most often due to? What are the clinical signs of meningitis?
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Diffuse cerebral dysfunction
-Depression, seizures, and other cerebral-associated signs (from increased pressure, breaks down the BBB, edema) |
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What happens to the meninges if meningitis will resolve?
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Some cases will only get some fibrosis and may not affect CNS function
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What are 4 potential routes of entry of bacteria into the CNS?
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1) Hematogenous- cel or non-cell associated
2) Retrograde-up nerve: Listeria monocytogenes 3) Through nasal mucosa 4) Direct extension (from nasal, sinus, ear canal, bone, penetrating wounds |
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What type of cell typically responds to bacterial infection?
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Neutrophils
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What common bacterial infection of the CNS of cattle, sheep and goats is an exception to the rule and has a strong lymphoplasmacytic component to the inflammation and not neutrophils?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Bacterial infection of the CNS (meningoencephalitis and meningitis) is most common in _____ ____ animals.
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Young farm animals
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What other organs/areas (other than CNS) are commonly infected in young farm animals?
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Joints w/ septicemia
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What are 3 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in calves?
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1) E. coli
2) Pasteurella/Mannheimia 3) Streptococcus spp. |
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What are 4 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in foals?
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1) E. coli
2) Streptococcus spp. 3) Salmonella typhimurium 4) Other gram -'s |
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What are 2 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in lambs?
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1) E. coli
2) Pasteurella/Mannheimia |
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What are 4 common causes of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in pigs?
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1) E. coli
2) Haemophilus parasuis 3) Strep suis 4) Salmonella choleraesuis |
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What fungal organism is also a cause of meningoencephalitis, pneumonia and nephritis in adult camelids?
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Cryptococcus
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True or false. Bacterial infections of the CNs are common in dogs and cats.
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False, uncommon in dogs and cats
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What are 3 ancillary tests for the definitive diagnosis of the cause of bacterial disease of the CNS?
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1) Bacterial culture
2) PCR 3) IHC on tissue sections |
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What are 2 general categories of infecitous agents most likely to cause CNS infection in dogs & cats?
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1) Fungi (cryptococcus, blastomyces, coccidiodes)
2) Protozoa |
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What are 2 non-bacterial and non-viral causes of CNS infections in dogs?
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1) Cryptococcus neoformans or gattii (worse)
2) Neospora caninum |
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What are 2 non-bacterial and non-viral causes of CNS infections in cats?
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1) Cryptococcus neoformans or gatti (worse)
2) Toxoplasmosis |
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CNS injury caused from the EHV-1 is related to what?
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Lack of blood supply (infarcts)
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What are the clinical signs most commonly related to EHV1?
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Mild upper respiratory infection or abortion
-A single point mutation in viral genome is associated w/ outbreaks of neurologic disease in horses |
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True or false. Current vaccines protect against EHV1.
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true, but do not protect against sporadic neurologic EHV-1 or mutant neurotropic EHV-1 only against the respiratory disease
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What are the typical signs in a horse w/ EHV1 myelitis?
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Fever, depression, acute/subacute, onset of ataxia and paresis, abortion
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What is the duration and onset of EHV-1 like?
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Short duration of clinical signs
Rapid onset |
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What causes sporadic neurologic EHV-1?
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Assumed mutant virus
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What are the signs of sporadic neurologic EHV-1? Mutant neurotropic EHV-1?
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Sporadic: Primary spinal cord disease w/ ataxia, frequent recumbency, bladder paralysis, -Can be relatively mild leading to recovery
Mutant neurotropic: same as above + encephalitis, often highly contagious and fatal |
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What are the potential outcomes of a horse w/ EHV-1?
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Dependens on severity of clinical signs-most horses recover w/in days to months w/ good nursin; guarded; severely affected/ recumbent animals may die or euthanized
-10% mortality |
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Why is myelopathy a better term for neurologic EHV-1 than myelitis?
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The actual insult is from vasculitis, hemorrhage and infarction-not inflammatory
|
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What cel type is infected by EHV-1?
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Endothelial cells-explains formation of tissue infarcts
|
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What is the term applied to CSF that is yellow? What does it indicate?
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Xanthochromia-indicative of previous hemorrhage
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What is a characteristic feature of EHV1 myelopathy?
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Xanthochromia
|
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What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of cats?
|
Feline ischemic encephalopathy (Cuterebra)
|
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What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of dogs? (2)
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1) Ischemic myelopathy-spinal cord disease, UMN/LMN, rapid onset, can recover
2) Meningeal vasculitis ("Beagle Pain syndrome")-bleeding into the subdural space, alters blood supply |
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What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of sheep? (1)
|
Clostridium perfringens type D
|
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What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of pigs? (1)
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Edema disease (e.coli)
|
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What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of cattle?
|
Histophilus somni
-Pneumonia, polyarthritis, myocarditis, abortion, meningoencephalitis -Mural thrombi form local vascular injury -Ataxic, head press, circling, appear blind |
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What are common specific diseases associated w/ circulatory dysfunction resulting in ischemic injury to the brain or spinal cord of people?
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Strokes-cerebral vascular accidents
|
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How common are strokes in animals?
|
Uncommon, animals don't get athrosclerosis very often
but older dogs w/ hypothyroid--> increases cholesterol |
|
What two major forms of prion proteins, one normal and one abnormal, are currently recognized?
|
1) PrPc-normal
2) PrPsc-abnormal |
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Why are prion disorders called spongiform encephalopathies?
|
-No notable inflammation
-Grey matter: result of dilation of neuronal processes, but vacuolation of neuronal and astroglial perikarya, swelling of astrocyte processes, dilation of periaxonal space and splitting of myelin sheaths have been reported -Results in vacuoles in neuronal cell body |
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What is porencephaly?
|
When actually get pores in the brain
|
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Why is diagnosis of prion disease on routine H & E stained sections very difficult?
|
Vacuolization of CNS tissue is a common finding in poorly fixed or mishandled brains
|
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What are the 4 prion-associated disorders in people?
|
1) Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease
2) Kuru 3) Gerstmann-Straussler-Schneiker syndrome 4) Fatal familial insomnia |
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What are the prion associated disorders in sheep?
|
Scrapie-see rubbing and wasting
|
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What are the prion-associated disorders in cattle?
|
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-mad cow disease
|
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What are the prion-associated disorders in mink?
|
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
|
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What are the prion-associated disorders in elk and deer?
|
Chronic wasting disease
|
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Is the incubation period of prion diseases long or short?
|
Long-slowly progressive, chronic disease
|
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How are prion diseases transmitted w/in species?
|
Horizontal
Inherited mutation-vertical |
|
What is the proposed means of spread of prion diseases to other species?
|
Infected feedstuff---> prions enter thru peyer's patches
|
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Where is the obex of the brain and why is it so important in testing for prion disease?
|
Neuroinvasion occurs along afferent and efferent nerves after peripheral replication and the obex is the location of nuclei of the vagus nerve, which seems highly involved in neuroinvasions
|
|
What is a grapefruit knife and how does it come in handy when obtaining samples for prion disease testing?
|
Can take a brain sample w/o cutting open the skull or sending the whole brain
-Go through foramen magnum and cut up under the dura and try to get part of cerebellum |
|
True or false. Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease is inactivated by formalin.
|
False, not even inactivated by formalin!
|
|
What is anopthalmia?
|
No detectable development of an optic vesicle
-Rare |
|
Name the eye malformation....A miniature, disorganizesd globe in an orbit of normal size.
|
Micropthalmia
|
|
Name the eye malformation..... Failure of the primary optic vesicle to invaginate under the developing lens.
|
Congenital cystic eye
|
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Name the eye malformation...... Single midline globe, occur almost always with major anomalies.
|
Cyclopia
|
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Name the eye malformation..... Least severe at effecting the globe as a whole, defect in the closure of the optic fissure, usually closes in the last 3rd of gestation. Can lead to retrobulbar cysts.
|
Coloboma-collie eye anomaly
|
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Name the eye malformation.... failure of the fetal ectoderm to undergo complete metaplasia-cornea remains as skin
|
Dermoid
|
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Name the eye malformation..... most common in horses.
|
Iris hypoplasia
|
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Name the eye malformation.... inadequate pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroids
|
Choridial hypoplasia
|
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Name the eye malformation... abnormal persistence of the perilenticular vascular tunic
|
Persistent pupillary membrane
|
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Name the eye malformation.... Lens shape and size differences, don't seem to be that big of a deal compared to others
|
Lens anomalies
|
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Name the eye malformation.... abnormal retinal differentiation, most often form viral infections in utero
|
Retinal dysplasia
|
|
What causes optic nerve hypoplasia?
|
Vitamin A deficiency in calves
|
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Name the eye malformation.... Partial or complete absence of the eyelid or a notch like defect- localized corneal dessication and cutaneous metaplasia
|
Eyelid agenesis and coloboma
|
|
What is premature eyelid separation?
|
Happens in animals born w/ eyes closed, can predispose to infections
|
|
What is an eye entropion? Ectropion?
|
Entropion: inward rolling of the eyelid-irritates the eye
Ectropion: Laxity and excessively long eyelid-outward gaping of the eyelid margin, no direct corneal irritation |
|
What are 3 eyelash malformations?
|
1) Trichiasis
2) Distichiasis 3) Ectopic cilia |
|
What are conjunctival dermoids?
|
Hair follicles and adnexal glands in the conjunctiva
|
|
What is hedgehog?
|
A signaling molecule that is involved in patterning. The underlying notochord helps pattern the overlying nervous tissue by sending the Hedgehog signal
-Responsible for telling the neuroepithelium to divide into two halves to form eyes |
|
How does cyclopamine affect the hedgehog signal?
|
Affects the ability of cells to receive and interpret the Hedgehog signal
|
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True or false. The eye is actually an extension of the central nervous system.
|
True
|
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What does hedgehog have to do with cyclopia due to ingestion of the plant Veratrum californicum in sheep?
|
Cyclopamine blocks the Hedgehog signaling pathway causing the division of the midline to never happen and instead of having an eye field divided into two it just stays right in the middle--> cyclopia
|
|
What breed has a high incidence of congenital ocular malformations?
|
Collies
|
|
What is collie eye anomaly?
|
A congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs involving the retina, choroid, and sclera.
Can be a mild disease or cause blindness |
|
What causes collie eye anomaly?
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Autosomal recessive gene defect
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What is the most common sign of collie eye anomaly?
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Presence of an area of underdeveloped choroid (appearing almost as a pale spot) lateral to the optic disc
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What is inflammation of the cornea called?
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Keratitis
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What is inflammation of the uveal tract-iris and ciliary body- called?
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Uveitis
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What is inflammation of the choroid called?
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Choroiditis
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What is inflammation of the retina called?
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Retinitis
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What is inflammation of the choroid and retina called?
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Chorioretinitis
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What is inflammation of most of the eye called?
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Panophthalmitis, ophthalamitis, endophthalamitis
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What is inflammation of the eyelid called?
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Blepharitis
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What is inflammation of the conjunctiva called?
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Conjunctivitis
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What are possible causes of corneal thickening, edema?
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Bacteria, fungal
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What causes the severe intraocular inflammation known as phacolytic uveitis and phacoclatic uveitis?
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Trauma that causes release of proteins that are highly antigenic and that overwhelm self-tolerance leading to immune mediated inflammation
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What structures of the eye most commonly develop neoplasia in animals?
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Iris, periorbital, conjunctiva, third eyelid
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What are common ocular and periocular tumors in cats?
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Melanoma of the iris
Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid Lymphoma |
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What are common ocular and periocular tumors in dogs? (2)
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1) Melanomas
2) Meibomian adenoma-sebaceous gland tumor of the eyelid, benign but cause secondary problems -SCC not common in dogs |
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What are common ocular and periocular tumors in cattle?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Lymphoma |
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What are common ocular and periocular tumors in horses? (4)
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1) SCC-conjunctiva or cornea
2) Sacroid, periocular 3) Lymphoma-eyelid, third eyelid 4) Melanoma, periocular |
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How easily can an inner ear infection spread to the brain?
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Easily
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What system is abnormal in animals w/ a head tilt?
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Vestibular system
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What other clinical signs are associated w/ dysfunction of the vestibular system (other than a head tilt)?
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Facial nerve paralysis
Nystagmus Ataxia Circling |
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What findings on a neurologic examination help to distinguish peripheral and central disease causing a head tilt?
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Peripheral: nystagmus: horizontal or rotary, quick phase away from the side of the lesion, ataxic but no postural deficits, circling, rolling, head tilt
Central: Nystagmus is usually vertical, direction change w/ head position, UMN ataxia, postural reaction deficits-ipsilateral |
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What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease of the vestibular system in any species?
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Otitis media/interna
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What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease of the vestibular system in cats?
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Feline idiopathic vestibular disease
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What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease in the vestibular system in geriatric dogs? (2)
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1) Canine geriatric vestibular disease
2) Hypothyroidism |
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What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease in the vestibular system in adult cattle, sheep & goats?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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What is a common cause of head tilt due to disease in the vestibular system in horses?
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EPM
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What CNS disease affects both the white matter and grey matter?
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Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis
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What form(s) of EHV-1 does the vaccine protect against?
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Only the respiratory disease, not the sporadic neurologic or mutant neurotropic EHV-1
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A sheep comes in with progressive wasting, pruritis, hair loss and ataxia, what's high on your differentials?
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Scrapie-prion disease
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