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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the function of the nervous system?
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Regulate body (with endocrine system)
Maintain health and homeostasis Responsible for behavior, memory, and movement |
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How is the nervous system divided
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System |
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What makes up the Central Nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord
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What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System
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cranial and spinal nerves that contain sensory and motor fibers
connects CNS to all muscles, glands and sensory receptors |
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Structural classification of neurons
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Multipolar
Bipolar Unipolar |
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Multipolar Neurons
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several dendrites and one axon (Most neurons of the brain and spinal cord)
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Bipolar neurons
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one main dendrite and one axon (retina of the eye, inner ear, olfactory center)
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Unipolar
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cell body fused to both axon and dendrite (sensory)
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Two types of CNS neurons
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Purkinje cells
Pyramidal cells |
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Where are purkinje cells located?
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cerebellum
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Where are pyramidal cells located?
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cerebral cortex
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What is the main function of myelin?
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Increases the speed of response
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What is saltatory conduction?
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A leap frog action of the action potential that speeds up transmission. Signal jumps between Nodes of Ranvier
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What is resting potential?
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An ionic imbalance across a membrane because of variances in concentration of ions inside and outside of the membrane
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Why does size matter with axon fibers?
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Larger, myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster due to size and saltatory strength.
Propogation speed is NOT related to signal strength |
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Neurotransmitters found in the CNS
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acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma, aminobutyric acid, glycine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, and dopamine
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Can axon damage be repaired?
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PNS can repair damaged dendrites or axons
CNS no repairs are possible |
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How is PNS plasticity maintained?
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Sprouting new dendrites
Synthesis of new proteins Changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons |
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Facts about PNS repair
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If Schwann cells are present and cell body remains, PNS repair is possible
By 3-5 days, Wallerian degeneration occurs, retrograde degeneration to one node Regeneration occurs within several months Axonal buds grow down the tube to reconnect at a rate of 1.5 mm per day |
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Layers of spinal meninges
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Dura Mater (Superficial)
Arachnoid Mater (Deep to Dura Mater) Pia Mater (Deep to Arachnoid Mater) |
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What is CSF?
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A clear fluid that absorbs shock and protects the brain and spinal cord. It also helps transport nutrients and waste to and from the blood and nervous tissue
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Where is CSF located?
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Circulates through cavities in the brain (ventricles) and spinal cord (central canal) and also in subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia mater of the cranial meninges)
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What structure produces CSF?
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Choroid Plexuses, networks of capillaries in the wall of ventricles. Plasma is drawn from the choroid plexuses through ependymal cells into the ventricles to produce CSF
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Which spinal cord root transmits sensory impulses?
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Posterior (dorsal)
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Which spinal cord root transmits motor impulses?
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Anterior (ventral)
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Define CNS and features
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Central Nervous System consists of brain and spinal cord. Receives sensory input from PNS and responds with motor transmission through PNS
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Define PNS and features
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Peripheral Nervous Systems consists of cranial and spinal nerves that consist of sensory and motor fibers. It connects the CNS to the muscles, glands, and all sensory receptors. Sensory information is delivered to CNS and motor information transmitted from CNS.
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Subdivisions of the PNS
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Subdivisions of PNS include Somatic (Voluntary) Nervous System, Autonomic (Involuntary) Nervous System, Enteric Nervous System
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What are the four major parts of the brain?
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Brain stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Diencephalon
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What are the parts of a reflex arc?
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Sensory Receptor
Sensory Neuron Integrating Center Motor Neuron Effector |
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RReflex Arc -- Sensory Receptor
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Responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential
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Reflex Arc -- Sensory Neuron
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Axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center
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Reflex Arc -- Integrating Center
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one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons
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Reflex Arc -- Motor Neuron
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axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector
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Reflex Arc -- Effector
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muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses
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Monoplegia
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Paralysis of a single limb
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Diplegia
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paralysis affecting symmetrical body parts
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Paraplegia
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paralysis affecting the legs
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Hemiplegia
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weakness or paralysis of entire left or right side of the body
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Quadriplegia
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also known as tetraplegia, is paralysis caused by illness or injury to a human that results in the partial or total loss of use of all their limbs and torso
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A chronic progressive cognitive disorder leading to dementia
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Alzheimer's Disease
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on-progressing but changing motor impairments of brain due to lesions
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Cerebral Palsy
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Persistent sadness, hopelessness
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Depression
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Disease marked by recurrent seizures
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Epilepsy
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Involves destruction of myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Loss of sensation or purposeful movement
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Spinal Paralysis
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Sudden loss of neurological function due to vascular injury
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Stroke
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Part of the ANS that speeds things up
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Sympathetic
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Part of the ANS that slows things down
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Parasympathetic
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What is the cauda equina
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A bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots which originate in the conus medullaris of the spinal cord, located at the end of the spinal cord -- resembles a horse's tail
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Sensory tracts that deliver information to the brain
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Ascending tracts
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Motor tracts that deliver information to the periphery
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Descending tracts
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Neuron that delivers sensations to the CNS. The cell body is in the dorsal or cranial root ganglion.
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First-order neurons
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An interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain
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Second-order neuron
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Transmits information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
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Third-order neuron
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Which tract transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus and then to the cerebrum
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Spinothalamic tract
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What is the function of a muscle spindle?
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Stretch reflex - feedback mechanism that detects muscle length and any changes to muscle length by increasing the number of electrical signals it generates as its sensory nerve endings are stimulated
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How does the Golgi Tendon Organ work?
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A feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before the tendon tension becomes high enough to cause damage. Ipsilateral
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