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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are excretion and defecation alike? |
Both eliminate waste from the body |
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What are the functions of the urinary system? |
Excrete waste, water-salt balance, reabsorption of salt and water from the cortical portions of the nephron, reabsorption of salt and water from the medulary portions of the nephron, interaction of renin, aldosterone and ANH, diuretics, acid base balance of body fluids, acid base buffer system, kidneys |
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What are the metabolic wastes found in urine? |
Nitrogenous waste, I.e., urea creating, amonium and uric acid |
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Where is urine stored? |
The bladder |
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How many openings are in the urinary bladder? |
3 openings. 2 for the uterus and 1 for the urethra |
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What are the regions of the kidney? |
1. Renal Cortex- outer granulated layer 2. Renal Medulla- cone shaped renal masses 3. Renal Pelvis- a central cavity or cavity continuous with the uretur |
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What does the renal pelvis connect to? |
The ureter |
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List the parts of the nephron |
Glomerula Capsule- closed end pushed in on itself Proximal Convulted Tubule- numerous microvili Loop of Nephron- simple squamous epithelium as tube narrows and makes a U- Turn Distal Convulted Tubule- numerous mitochondria Collecting Ducts- Carry urine to the renal pelvis |
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Describe the structure of the glomerular capsule |
A cartilaginous, fatty, fibrous, or membranous structure enveloping another structure |
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Where are the podocytes found? |
Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around the glomerulus |
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What does the glomerulus NOT filter out? |
Large molecules and formed elements |
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What two ways are substances removed from the blood and added to urine? |
Tubular secretion and Glomelular filtration |
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Why does glucose appear in diabetic urine? |
Body doesn't produce or doesn't respond to insulin, cells do not absorb glucose from your blood so it stays in the urine. |
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What hormones regulate water and sodium reabsorption? |
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) from the posterior petuitary acts on the kidney to promote water reabsorption. Aldosterone from the adrenal gland acts on the kidney to promote sodium reabsorption. |
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What is the normal pH of the blood? |
7.4 |
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What is the function of the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull? |
Skull- protects the brain Vertebral column- posture Rib cage- protects the heart and lungs |
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What are the functions of the skeletal system? |
Supports the body, protects the soft body parts, produces blood cells, stores minerals, allows movement by attaching muscles. |
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Why are the leg bones extremely strong? |
They need to support large amounts of weight and withstand pressure, twisting, and other forces. |
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In what type of bone are trabeculae found? |
Long bones. |
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What are lacunae and canaliculi? |
Lacunae- little spaces where bone cells are trapped Canaliculi- canals connecting the lacunae |
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Osteocytes |
Bone cells |
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Chondrocytes |
A cell that has secreted from the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it. |
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What type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones? |
Hyaline cartilage |
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What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis? |
Elastic cartilage |
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Relationship of osteocytes and osteoblasts. |
Osteocytes are made by osteoblasts. |
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What type of ossification forms flat bones and the skull? |
Intramembraneous ossification |
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Steps and order of bone repair |
1. Formation or hemotoma at the break(blood clots) 2. Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus 3. Formation of bony callus 4. Remodeling and addition of compact bone |
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How long does the callus last in bone repair? |
2 to 3 months |
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What are the parts of the axial skeleton? |
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage. |
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What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton? |
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs. |
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How many vertebrae are there? |
33 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 fused sacrum 4 fused into tailbone cocyx |
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What is the name of the tailbone? |
Coxal bone |
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Which muscle tissue is multinucleated? |
Skeletal |
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What muscle tissue is voluntary? |
Skeletal. |
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What junctions are found in intercalated disks? |
Gap junctions |
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Which muscle tissue is not striated? |
Smooth |
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What attatches muscle to bone? |
Tendon. |
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What is the shape of the deltoid muscle? |
Triangular |
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What muscle causes winking and blinking? |
Fast-twitch fibers. |
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What is the largest muscle in the body? |
Gluteus maximus |
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What does sarco mean? |
Combining form |
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What long filaments make up muscle fibers? |
Thick and thin filaments |
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What ion causes muscle contraction? |
Acetylcholine |
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What energy molecule supplies the energy for muscle contraction? |
ATP |
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Describe what happens when troponin binds to Ca2+? |
Active sites on the myosin are exposed, myosin shortens, tropomyosin moves into groove between helical actin strands, actin heads bind to myosin, bridge is formed |
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Why are slow twitch muscles dark? |
More capillaries and more myoglobin in cells. |
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What is the difference between a spasm, sprain, and strain? |
Spasm- sudden involuntary movement contractions that are usually painful Sprain- stretching or tearing of a muscle Strain- twisting of a joint involving muscles, ligaments, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves. |
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What hard tissue protects the CNS? |
The bones of the skull and spinal column. |
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What are the functions of the nervous system? |
Communication between cells |
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What are the types of neurons? |
Sensory, interneuron, motor. |
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Are the Schwann cells associated with the CNS or the PNS |
PNS |
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Why is the outside of the neuron positively charged? |
Because there is salt surrounding it. |
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What is depolarization? |
Sudden change within a cell during which the cell undergoes a dramatic electrical change. |
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How fast is action potential? |
100 milliseconds |
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What is the largest part of the brain? |
Cerebrum |
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What sense DOESN'T the thalamus recieve? |
Smell |
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What is Wernicke's area? |
Region of the brain concerned with comprehension of language and speach |
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What are the lobes of the Cerebrum? |
Frontal lobe- motor area and concious thought Temporal lobe- sight, smell, and sound Parietal lobe- somato sensory and taste area Accipital lobe- primary visual area |
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What are the parts and functions of the limbic system? |
Joins primitive emotions with higher functions such as reasoning Amygdala- emotional overtones Hippocampus- important to learning and memory |
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What are the steps in the reflex arc? |
Stimulus arrives and receptor activstes, sensory neuron activates, info processing, motor neuron processing, response effector |
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What are the types of cutaneous receptors? |
Touch, pressure, pain and temp |
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What type of receptors detect stimuli from outside the body? |
Exteraceptors |
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Where are the taste buds located? |
Tongue |
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What are the five tastes? |
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami |
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What flavor is umami? |
Savory |
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Where are gustatory receptors located? |
Tongue |
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What is the transparent portion of the eye called? |
Cornea |
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What is the blind spot? |
Where the optic nerve attaches; lacks photo receptors |
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What colors are seen by the cone cells? |
Red green and blue |
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The cartilaginous structure that surrounds the outside of the ear is called what? |
Pinna |
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What is the function of the tympanic membrane? |
Membrane that vibrates to carry sound waves to the bones |
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What are the functions of tears? |
Wets the cornea, supply nutrients, flush away waste, and protects |
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The sense of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors located whrre? |
Cochlea |
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What are the types of hormones? |
Prostaglandins Pheromones Peptide hormones Steroid hormones |
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Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands |
Exo- secrete their products and ducts that carry these products to other organs outside the body Endo- secrete their products directly into the blood stream |
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What are the endocrine glands? |
Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary gland Anterior petuitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pacreas, testes, ovaries, thymus Pineal gland |
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What are exocrine glands? |
Sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous |
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What element is necessary for proper thyroid function? |
Iodine |
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What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? |
Thyroid- stimulating hormone, adrenocortotropic hormone, gonadatropic hormone, prolactin, melanocyte, stimulating hormone, growth hormome, |
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What is acromegaly? |
Over production of GH as an adult; larger hands and feet |
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What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands? |
Medulla- pinephrine and norepinephrine Cortex- glucocortoids and mineral cocortoids |
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Where is the thyroid gland located? |
In the front of the neck below the Adams apple |
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What hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose? |
Insulin |
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What gland produces melatonin? |
Pineal gland |
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What is the function of melatonin? |
Modulation of sleep patterns in both seasonal and circadium rhythms |
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Smooth muscle |
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Neuron |
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Hyaline cartilage |
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Skeletal muscle |
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Bone |
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Kidney |