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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This soil horizon contains mostly leaf litter
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O
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This soil horizon contains top soil
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A
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This soil horizon contains sub soil
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B
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This soil horizon sometimes comes between A and B
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E
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This soil horizon contains bedrock
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C
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This soil horizon is a zone of leaching and it looks white.
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E
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this soil horizon is found mostly in mature, oild soils which have been undisturbed for at least a century
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E
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this is when nutrients and water first break the surface of soil
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infiltration
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this is when water moves farther down into soil
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percolation
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this is when minerals and metals move down through the soil
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leaching
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this is a mixture of soil size particles
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loam
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this type of soil is separated into easily seen grains
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coarse sand
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in this, grains can be seen and felt
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sand
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in this, can't see grains
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silt
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this interacts with everything and feels sticky
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clay
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thisis a measure of volume of pores (spaces) per colume of soil and average distance between those spaces.
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porosity
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this is the most porous soil type
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clay
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this is the ability of water or air to move down in soil
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permability
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this has high permeability, this has low
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sand, clay
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this soil structure drains water the best
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prismatic
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this is the worst draining soil structure. it's found at the bottom of lakes, puddles, etc
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platy
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this is created by tilling at the same depth every year. it can be as hard as concrete
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frigapan
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this is the ability to cultivate of a soil
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workability
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this effects the uptake of any nutrient. but esp nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
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ph
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this speeds up the decomposition of organic matter
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lime
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this is the organic content of soil
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humus
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in this type of soil, plants take up toxic metals. they die of toxicity
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acid
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the two main agents of soil erosion are
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water and wind
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anything removing vegetation increased ---
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erosion
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this is when surgace water moves down a slope across a field in a wide flow and peels off uniform sheets of soil. it's hard to detect b/c it's so uniform
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sheet erosion
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this is the most common form of erosion. soil is removed by water from little streamlets running through land with poor surgace draining. often found between crop rows
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rill erosion
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larger than rills and can't be fixed by tillage
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gully erosion
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in this, water erosion is prevented by placing large stone on soil
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rip rap
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this is a best management practive to stop erosion. you cover large areas with ash and cinders
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crush and run
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farm erosion is ---x to---x faster than renewal rate. in this sense, soil is a nonrenewable resource
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7-100
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this creates the highest rates of erosion
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construction
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this is when land is plowed and soil turned by a v shapedplow. it's done in fall and erodes in winter and early spring before planting. due harsh winter climate
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conventional tillage farming
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this is land tillage which breaks and loosens subsurface soil without turning topsoil over.
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conservative tillage
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this is a form of tilling which merely slices through soil without moving it around.
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disking
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machines inject seeds, fertilizers, and weed killers into slits of unplowed soil
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no till farming
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a series of broad steps built so they run across the contour of land reducing runoff and retaining water
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terracing on slopes
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this is planting and plowing in rows across at perpindicular angles rather than up and down a slope. each row acts as a small dam
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contour farming
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planting a row of crops like corn alternating in strips with another crop that covers the soil
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strip cropping (intercropping)
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trees and crops planted together
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ally cropping (agroforestry)
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on sloping land, quick growing plants can be grown to fix this
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gully reclamation
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channels can be built to redirect flow of water to areas that drain better to fix this
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gully reclamation
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these reduce win erosion, provide wood fuel and habitat for birds
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wind breaks/ shelterbeds
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this has been added to irrigation water which binds to positively charged clay particles and increases the cohesiveness of clay particles
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PAM- polyacrylamide
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this is an organic manure, fresh vegetation turned into the soil
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green manure
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this is grass clippings, weeds, animal manure, kitchen scraps, dead leaves, hay, straw, sawdust, topsoil
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compost
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state of the art landfills accept waste for this long
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10 to 40 years
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owners maintain landfills for this long after closing them
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30 years
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local fills are now being replaced by larger
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regional landfills
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large undergound facility built to permanently store materials
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out of sight hazardous waste disposal
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2 story building with no wastes on the first floor
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in sight hazmat management
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this substance bioaccumulates. 10% is excreted, but the rest remains in your bones l
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lead
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this is a neurotoxin and affects everythign nerve related
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lead
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these are a family of chlorinated hydrocarbons formed as by products of chemical reactions. persistent in soil and fat tissues
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dioxin
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these, also known as these, are carcinogens, but don't damage DNA directly. they promote other carcinogens, thus causing a variety of cancers rather than one type
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TCDD, or dioxins
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this act was passed in 1976 and created the EPA. it identified and set hazardous waste management
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RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)
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this Act also provides financial aid for states that establish waste management programs
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RCRA
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this reguires companies that store, treat, or dispose of 220 lbs of hazardous wastes per month. they must have a permit stating how they are managed, and keep a cradle to grave log of point of origin to approved offsite disposal
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RCRA
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created in 1980, this, also known as this, established a federal and state tax fund of 16.3 billion to ID and clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites.
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund Act)
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nuclear power started to use because of --- movement
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atoms for peace
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this is the kind of reactor shearon harris is
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PWR (Pressurized Water REactor)
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PWR use --- neutrons, because they are more likely to fission U 235
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slowed
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heavy water
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deuterium
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how many rods per fuel assembly?
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200
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this can be moved up or down over the fuel assembly to effect the rate of neutron absorption
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control rod
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these keep fuel assemblies from interacting with each other, thereby avoiding nuclear explosions
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control rods
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the core
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reactor vessel where reactors are housed
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this is also in the reactor vessel
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primary cooling system
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gravity pools
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foolproof emergency cooling system
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BWR
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boiling water reactor
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this uses the same concept as a PWR, but uses control rods at the bottom of a reactor
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BWR
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this type of reactor has no cooling tower, instead using a lake
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BWR
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this is cheaper than a PWR
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BWR
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containment buildings are made of 3-5 inch thick walls made of this
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steel, plus several feet of concrete
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