Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Earthquake Causes
|
~Rock movement in the Earth's crust
~Shaking and trembling caused by a sudden release of energy |
|
Epicenter
|
the point directly above the Focus
|
|
Focus
|
In earthquakes, the point within the Earth where the rupture occurs
|
|
Seismographs
|
stations that record the passage of seismic waves
|
|
Seismograms
|
The record of passing seismic waves
|
|
Body Waves
|
Travel through the Earth and are the fastest types of waves
|
|
Types of Body Waves
|
~P-wave (primary, fast)
~S-wave (secondary, slower than p-waves) |
|
Surface Waves
|
Travel on the surface and are larger and slower than body waves
|
|
Types of Surface Waves
|
~Rayleigh Waves- up and down movement
~Love Waves- side to side movement |
|
Richter Scale
|
~Measures magnitude of energy released
~Goes from 1-10 |
|
Mercalli Scale
|
~Measures intensity of shaking by assessing the damages
~Goes form I-XII |
|
Magnitude and Energy of Richter Scale
|
~Each unit increase is a 10-fold increase in magnitude and a 30-fold increase in energy
|
|
Earthquake Hazards (5)
|
~Displacement
~Landslides ~Liquefaction of Soil ~Fires ~Tsunamis |
|
Preventive Building Design for Earthquakes
|
design structures that move with ground motion (for example springs, rollers, etc.)
|
|
Hazard Maps
|
maps that illustrate the relative hazard of a given event for a certain area
|
|
Where do volcanoes occur?
|
~At convergent and divergent plate boundaries
~At hot spots |
|
Why do volcanoes occur?
|
Hot, molten rock (magma) wells up to the surface
|
|
Tephra
|
Solid matter that is ejected into the air by an erupting volcano
|
|
Tephra Types (largest to smallest)
|
~Bombs
~Lapilli ~Ash |
|
Gas Emissions from Volcanoes
|
~SO2
~CO2 ~H2S ~HCl ~HF |
|
Lava
|
liquid, molten material extruded to the surface (magma once it is present at the surface)
|
|
Pyroclastic Flows (Nuee Ardente)
|
a mixture of pyroclastic material and extremely hot gas
|
|
Lahar
|
A mixture of pyroclastic material and water (basically a mudflow)`
|
|
Phreatic Explosions
|
Occur when rising magma makes contact with ground or surface water
|
|
Mt. St Helens
|
Located in Washington state and is associated with lahar risk
|
|
Mt. Pelee
|
Located in Martinque where pyroclastic flows killed the majority of inhabitants
|
|
Mt. Tambora
|
Caused the year without a summer in 1816 (changed weather patterns)
|
|
Rock Fall
|
~fast
~material breaks free from a wall or steep slope ~the bottom of the rock fall where debris collects is the talus |
|
Rock Slide
|
~fast
~single intact mass becomes detached and moves downslope |