Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cells that are organized into layers or groups of similar cells with a common function are called _______.
|
Tissues
|
|
The four major types of tissues of the human body:
|
Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
|
Epithelial tissue performs what 3 functions?
|
Covers the body surface and organs
Forms glandular tissue Lines internal organs |
|
Epithelial tissue always has a free _______.
|
Surface
|
|
The underside of epithelial tissue is anchored by a _______ _______ to connective tissue.
|
Basement Membrane
|
|
Epithelial tissue lacks _______
|
Blood Vessels
|
|
Epithelial cells are tightly _______.
|
packed
|
|
Why do injuries to epthelial tissue heal rapidly?
|
Because the cells divide rapidly.
|
|
In many places, _______ attach epithelial cells together.
|
Desmosomes
|
|
List 4 functions of the epithelial cells:
|
Protection
Secretion Absorption Excretion |
|
Epithelial tissues are classified according to:
|
The shape and numbers of layers of cells.
|
|
Squamous cells are thin and _______.
|
Flat
|
|
Cuboidal Cells are _______ (shape).
|
Cubelike
|
|
Columnar cells are _______ (shape).
|
Elongated
|
|
Epthelial tissues with single layers of cells are called:
|
Simple
|
|
Epthelial tissues with two or more layers of cells are called:
|
Stratified
|
|
Simple squamous epithelium consists of how many layers of flat cells?
|
One
|
|
Name 2 places that you would find simple squamous epithelium:
|
Alveoli of lungs
Capillary walls |
|
Name 4 places to find Simple cuboidal epithelium:
|
Lining the follicles of the thyroid gland
Covering the ovaries Lining kidney tubules lining the ducts of certain glands |
|
The cells of simple columnar epithelium can be _______ or _______.
|
Ciliated or nonciliated
|
|
Cilia aid in moving _______ through the uterine tubes to the uterus.
|
Eggs
|
|
Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium lines the _______ and _____________________.
|
Uterus and portions of the digestive tract
|
|
Simple columnar epthelium can secrete _______ and absorbs _______ from digested foods.
|
secretes digestive juices
absorbs nutrients |
|
_______ are tiny cylindrical processes extending from the free surfaces of simple columnar epithelium.
|
Microvilli
|
|
Microvilli function to _____ of an epithelium.
|
increase the surface area
|
|
Flask-shaped glandular cells that secrete mucus are called _______.
|
Goblet cells
|
|
Goblet cells secrete _______.
|
Mucus
|
|
The cells of _______ appear layered but are not.
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
|
|
The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear _______, but are not.
|
Layered
|
|
Pseudostratified columnar epitheliual cells have _______ (hairlike projections).
|
Cilia
|
|
Flask-shaped glandular cells that secrete mucus are called _______.
|
Goblet cells
|
|
Goblet cells secrete _______.
|
Mucus
|
|
The cells of _______ appear layered but are not.
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
|
|
The cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium appear _______, but are not.
|
Layered
|
|
Pseudostratified columnar epitheliual cells have _______ (hairlike projections).
|
Cilia
|
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is located in portions of the _______.
|
Respiratory tract
|
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium contain what other kind of cells?
|
Goblet cells
|
|
What 2 tissues contain goblet cells?
|
Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
Cells nearest the free surface of _______ epithelium are flattened while cells in deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar.
|
Stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
Stratified squamous epithelium that accumulates _______ is located as the outermost layer of skin.
|
keratin
|
|
Keratinization produces a covering of dry tough, protective material that does what?
|
Prevents water and other substances from escaping from underlying tissues and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.
|
|
Stratified squamous epithelium that does not contain keratin is located lining the:
|
Oral cavity
Esophagus Vagina Anal Canal |
|
_______ consists of two or three layers of cubelike cells.
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
|
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is located lining the ducts of:
|
Mammary glands
Sweat glands Salivary glands Pancreas |
|
Several layers of elongated and cubelike cells:
|
Stratified columnar epithelium
|
|
Stratified columnar epithelium is located in parts of the: (2)
|
Male urethra
Pharynx |
|
Transitional epithelium is specialized to change in response to _______
|
Increased tension
|
|
Transitional epithelium forms the lining of the ________, the _______, and part of the _______.
|
Lining of the urinary bladder
Ureters Part of the urethra |
|
When the wall of the bladder contracts, the transitional epithelium consists of:
|
several layers of cuboidal cells
|
|
When the bladder is distended, the transitional epithelium appears to contain:
|
only a few layers of cells
|
|
Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that are specialized to:
|
Produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fliuds.
|
|
Which glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto a surface?
|
Exocrine Glands
|
|
Which glands secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood?
|
Endocrine glands
|
|
Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland:
|
Goblet Cell
|
|
_______ glands are divided into simple and compound glands.
|
Multicellular exocrine glands
|
|
Multicellular exocrine glands are divided into _______ and _______ glands.
|
Simple and compound
|
|
A simple gland communicates with the surface by means of:
|
a duct that does not branch before it reaches the glandular cells or secretory portion
|
|
A compound gland has a duct that _______ before reaching the secretory portion.
|
Branches repeatedly
|
|
A _______ communicates with the surface by means of a duct that does not branch before it reaches the glandular cells or secretory portion
|
Simple gland
|
|
A _______ has a duct that branches repeatedly before reaching the secretory portion.
|
Compound gland
|
|
Glands that consist of epithelial-lined tubes are called:
|
Tubular glands
|
|
Tubular glands are glands that consist of:
|
Epithelial-lined tubes
|
|
Glands whose terminal portions form saclike dilations:
|
Alveolar glands
|
|
Alveolar glands are glands whose terminal portions form:
|
Saclike dilations
|
|
Merocrine glands release fluids by _______.
|
Exocytosis
|
|
Which glands release small portions of their glandular cell bodies?
|
Apocrine glands
|
|
Which glands release entire cells?
|
Holocrine glands
|
|
Holocrine glands release:
|
entire cells
|
|
Apocrine glands release:
|
small portions of their glandular cell bodies
|
|
The secretion of a serous cell is _______ and has a high concentration of _______.
|
watery
enzymes |
|
The secretion of a mucus cell is:
|
Mucus
|
|
Name some functions of connective tissues:
|
Bind structures, provide support and protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infections, and help repair tissue damage.
|
|
The matrix of connective tissue is _______.
|
extracellular material
|
|
Connective tissues have varying degrees of _______.
|
Vascularity
|
|
Examples of fixed cells include _______ and _______.
|
Fibroblasts
Mast cells |
|
An example of a wandering cell is a _______.
|
Macrophage
|
|
The most common kind of fixed cell in connective tissues is a _______.
|
Fibroblast
|
|
Fibroblasts produce _______.
|
Fibers
|
|
Macrophages originate as _______.
|
White Blood Cells
|
|
Macrophages are specialized for _______.
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
Heparin functions to prevent _______
|
Blood clotting
|
|
Mast cells are usually located near:
|
Blood vessels
|
|
Histamine functions to promote some of the reactions associated with:
|
Inflammation and allergies
|
|
The 3 types of fibers produced by fibroblasts are _______, _______, and _______.
|
Collagenous
Elastic Reticular |
|
Collagenous fibers are thick threads of the protein _______.
|
Collagen
|
|
Collagenous fibers have great _______.
|
Tensile strength
|
|
Collagenous fibers are important components of body parts that hold structures together such as _______ and _______.
|
Ligaments and tendons
|
|
Dense connective tissue contains abundant _______.
|
Collagenous fibers
|
|
Elastic fibers are composed of bundles of _______ embedded in a protein called _______.
|
Microfibrils imbedded in a protein called Elastin.
|
|
Elastic fibers are common in body parts that are normally subjected to _______.
|
Stretching
|
|
Where would you find Elastin?
|
Vocal Cords
Air passages of respiratory system |
|
Reticular fibers are very _______ collagenous fibers.
|
Thin
|
|
Where can reticular fibers be found?
|
Spleen
|
|
The two categories of connective tissues are _______ and _______.
|
Connective tissue proper
Specialized connective tissues |
|
Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense connective tissue and elastic connective tissue are examples of _______.
|
Connective tissue proper
|
|
3 examples of specialized connective tissue include _______, _______, and _______.
|
Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
|
|
Connective tissue proper includes:
|
Loose connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue Reticular CT Dense CT Elastic CT |
|
Cartilage, Bone, and Blood are what type of connective tissue?
|
Specialized CT
|
|
What CT is located beneath most layers of epithelium, in thin membranes throughout the body, beneath skin, and between muscles?
|
Loose connective tissue
|
|
Most cells of loose connective tissue are _______.
|
Fibroblasts
|
|
Adipocytes are cells that store _______.
|
Fat
|
|
Three functions of adipose tissue:
|
Protect
Insulate Store fat |
|
Where is Adipose tissue located?
|
Beneath the skin
Around the kidneys Behind the eyeballs On the surface of the heart |
|
Reticular CT is composed of:
|
Reticular fibers
|
|
Reticular CT supports the walls of the _______, _______, and _______.
|
Liver
Spleen Lymphatic Organs |
|
Subclasses of Dense CT are _______ and _______.
|
Regular and Irregular
|
|
Regular dense CT is found in:
|
Tendons and Ligaments
|
|
Irregular dense CT is located in the _______.
|
Dermis
|
|
Elastic CT is located in the attachments between bones of the _______.
|
Spinal Column
|
|
Cartilage cells are called _______.
|
Chondrocytes
|
|
Small chambers in cartilage are called:
|
Lacunae
|
|
The connective tissue covering cartilage is _______.
|
Perichondrium
|
|
Cartilage lacks _______.
|
Blood Supply
|
|
The 3 types of cartilage are:
|
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage |
|
The most common type of cartilage is:
|
Hyaline
|
|
What 4 places is hyaline cartilage found?
|
Ends of Bones
Soft part of the nose In the supporting rings of respiratory passages In the embryo's skeleton |
|
Elastic cartilage is found in what 2 areas?
|
Parts of the Larynx
Framework for the external ear |
|
Fibrocartilage is found in what 3 areas?
|
Between vertebrae
In the knee joints In the pelvic girdle |
|
_______ is the most rigid connective tissue.
|
Bone
|
|
functions of bone include:
|
Support body structures
Protect the vital structures of the cranial and thoracic cavities Attachment sites for muscles |
|
Bone matrix is deposited by bone cells called:
|
Osteoblasts
|
|
Thin layers of bone formed by osteoblasts:
|
Lamellae
|
|
Osteoblasts form lamellae around capillaries located within tiny longitudinal tubes, called _______ or _______ canals
|
Central or Haversian Canals
|
|
Osteoblasts are located in lacunae where they mature into _______, and are rather evenly spaced within the lamellae
|
Osteocytes
|
|
A cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.
|
Osteon
|
|
An osteon contains a _______, _______, and _______.
|
Central Canal
Lamella Osteocytes |
|
The central canal of an osteon contains _______ and _______.
|
Blood Vessels
Nerves |
|
Minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone:
|
Canaliculi
|
|
_______ attach osteocyte cellular processes together so that materials can move between blood vessels and bone cells.
|
Gap junctions
|
|
Blood is composed of cells that are suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called:
|
Plasma
|
|
The fluid part of blood:
|
Plasma
|
|
Cell types of blood are _______, _______, and _______
|
Red blood cells
White blood cells Cellular fragments called platelets |
|
Red blood cells function to:
|
Transport Gasses
|
|
White blood cells function to:
|
Fight infection
|
|
Platelets function to produce:
|
Blood Clots
|
|
The 3 types of epithelial membranes:
|
Serous
Mucous Cutaneous |
|
These membranes line the body cavities that do not open to the outside:
|
Serous Membranes
|
|
These membranes line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body:
|
Mucous
|
|
The cutaneous membrane is commonly called _______.
|
Skin
|
|
What kind of membranes line joints?
|
Synovial Membranes
|
|
Muscle tissues are _______, meaning they can shorten and thicken.
|
Contractile
|
|
The 3 types of muscle tissue are:
|
Skeletal
Smooth Cardiac |
|
Skeletal muscle tissue usually attaches to _______.
|
Bone
|
|
Which muscle tissues have striations?
|
Skeletal
Cardiac |
|
Skeletal muscle is _______, meaning it can be consciously controlled
|
Voluntary
|
|
Smooth muscle lacks _______ which can be found in the other muscle tissue types
|
Striations
|
|
Smooth muscle is located :
|
In the walls of most hollow internal organs.
|
|
Smooth muscle is _______ because it cannot be consciously controlled.
|
Involuntary
|
|
Cardiac muscle is located only in the:
|
Heart
|
|
A specialized intercellular junction located only in cardiac muscle tissue:
|
Intercalated disk
|
|
Nervous tissues are found in _______, _______, and _______.
|
Brain
Spinal Cord Peripheral nerves |
|
The basic cells of nervous tissue are:
|
Neurons
|
|
In addition to neurons, nervous tissue also includes _______ cells.
|
Neuroglial Cells
|
|
A bone that is platelike is classified as a _______ bone
|
Flat
|
|
The bones of the wrist are examples of _______ bones.
|
Short
|
|
The bone of the thigh is an example of a _______ bone.
|
Long
|
|
Vertebrae are examples of _______ bones.
|
Irregular
|
|
The patella is an example of a _______ bone.
|
Round
|
|
The bones of the skull that form a protective covering of the brain are examples of _______ bones.
|
Flat
|
|
The epiphysis of a long bone is located where?
|
On the articulating ends of the bone.
|
|
Where is cartilage found on a long bone?
|
On the articulating ends of the bone
|
|
Where is dense irregular CT found on the surface of a long bone?
|
The periosteum - covering the bone except the articulating ends.
|
|
Where is the endosteum found?
|
Lining the medullary cavity of the long bone.
|