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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ancient times before 400 AD studies of fossils and mummies indicates many modern health conditions such as infections, bone diseases, arteriosclerosis, UTI, and GI and ______
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arthritis
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Ancient times belief in _____ causes but health care problems and diseases date to beginning of time.
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supernatural
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Ancient times blood letting, beating ill person, and loud noise examples of ancient +++++ rituals.
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healthcare
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Ancient times life span only 20-____ years.
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35
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Ancient times ____ diseases were rare.
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chronic
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Most famous ancient physician was ______. Observation and conservative tx. Health the balance of 4 humors.
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Hippocrates
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Hippocrates was also called the +++++ of Medicine. Used dietetics to balance the humors. Only if diet failed would he resort to drugs or surgery.
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Father
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Medieval Times AD400-1350. 2 plagues killed majority of people and led to breakdown of ++++++Monks preserved written medical texts and monasteries served as centers of learning.
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civilization
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Medieval times- Christian belief that disease was _____ for sins.
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punishment
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Medieval times -
Christianity emphasized the soul not the ____. Prayer, pentinence, and assistance of saints. Any cure a miracle. |
body
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Medieval times 400ad to 1350 Council of Tours the church proclaimed no ______
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blood shed
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Medieval times 400ad to 1350
Since most physicians also clergy not allowed to perform _____ |
surgery
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Medieval times 400ad to 1350
Title of ____became known. Major medical legislation 9 year curriculum, licenses, and exams |
doctor
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Medieval times 400ad to 1350
Medicine became an official ____, but not enuf for lower class who relied on barbers an healers., |
profession
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Medieval Times 400-1250 Concept of ____ , due to plague, became established as preventive measure.
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quarentine
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Medieval Times 400-1250 Network of ++++ built. New, humane approach. A refuge for the sick.
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hospitals
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Rennaissance- 1350-1650
revival of learning and science. Accurate _____ drawings and autopsies. |
anatomical
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Rennaissance- 1350-1650
Brissot spoke against bloodletting and so died in exile. Study of _____ greatly expanded. |
plants, botany
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Rennaissance- 1350-1650
Plants were the main sources of ____ and 500 species classifed. |
drugs
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Rennaissance- 1350-1650
First theory of contagious diseases Girolamo Frascastoro. Still no ____ |
hygiene
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Rennaissance- 1350-1650
Printing ____ invented allowing for widespread distribution of books |
press
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Rennaissance- 1350-1650
invention of gun powder led to more gun shot _____. Need for surgeons elevated barber surgeons to higher status. |
wounds
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17th century study of anatomy continues and study of ____ begins.
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physiology
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17th century William Harvey said that blood _____ thru the body within a continuous network of vessels.
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circulates
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17th century Medication first injected into +++++ system.
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circulatory
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17th century1666 Anton van Leeuwenhook invented the _____ Germs viewed but not connected with disease for several centuries
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microscope
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17th century Quinine imported from peru as cure for malaria. Separated malaria from other =++++. Specific diseases have specific causes.
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fevers
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17th century-nervous system and stimulation of muscles discovered. Mucous not produced by the ++++
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brain
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18th century 3 theories: 1. Body functioned like hydraulic +++++. Run by undefined fluid flowing thru nervous system. 2. Every disease the result of overstimulation or inability to respond to stimulation. Tx a stimulant or ++++++3. Direct clinical observation should be used to categorize diseases. Led to 2400 diagnoses
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pump
depressant |
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18th century-nervous systemSurgery became an acceptable form of ++++ Louis XIV. Became a science
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tx
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18th century Giovanni Battisa Morgagni published On the Sites and causes of ______
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Disease
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18th century With Sites and Causes of Disease, emphasis changed from general conditions and humors to specific changes in _____
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organs
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18th century
Techniques for measuring BP and ------- were developed. Measurement of ----- signs used to determine pt status. |
termperature
vital |
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18th century Science of _____ comes of age. Digestion as a _____ process, rather than purely mechanical.
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chemistry
chemical |
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18th century Philosopy of ____ and rational approach.
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enlightenment
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18th century focus shifted from devil and possession to mental illness as a _____Treated in more ____ way
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disease
humane |
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18th century Public health, Sanitary reform, Personal _____ improved. Interest in child health increased and decreased rate of _____ of infants and children
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hygiene
deaths |
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18th century Edward Jenner showed that the vaccination of with cowpow improves immunity for ______
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smallpox
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19th century Industrial revolution and hospitals built. Allowed for _____ observation and autopsy
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clinical
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19th century Emphasis moved from individual organs to ____
Advances in physiology |
tissue
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19th century
Advance in ____ knowledge. Physicans and surgeons united in one profession. |
medical
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19th century
More first time surgeries.tracheostomy and removal of thyroid and _____ _____ areas of medicine develop |
uterus
specialty |
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19th century
human tissue could be seen at ++++ level. Pharmacology, metabolism, and _+++++ |
cellular
dietetics |
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19th century
Dentists introduced _____and spread to surgery |
anastetia
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19th century
Anastetia decreased ____ and need for speed in surgery. Death rate decreased. |
shock
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19th century
Elizabeth Blackwell MD opens first _____ school |
nursing
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19th century
Louis Pasteur proved bacteria the cause of specific +++++ |
diseases
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19th century infectious microorganisms carried by +++++ means. Specific identificaiton of microorganism led to ++++++
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various
vaccines |
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19th century
Anastetia and asepsis and invention of variety of _____ instruments |
surgical
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19th century Lister applied germ theory to surgical practice. Microorganisms could fall into surgical _____
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wounds
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19th century Freud and Breuer psychoanalysis and repression of sexual ____
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urges
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19th century pasteurization, vaccination, asepsis, sanitation, and _____ medicine
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Preventive
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19th century
life span increased from 40 to 70 in fifties due to _____, not curative measures. |
preventative
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20th century Karl Landsteiner discovered +++++ groups.Made blood transfusion safe.
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blood
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20th century F G Banting discovered _____ as a treatment for diabetes. Diabetes no longer a ++++ disease.
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insulin
fatal |
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20th century large scale vaccination programs eradicated _____, but influenza epidemic
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disease
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20th century new diagnostic and theraputic. Biomedical engineering with invention of +++++
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computer
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20th century X rays, ECG, EEG, ultasound, pacemakers, dialysis, tomography provided _____ tools.
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diagnostic
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20th century
Vitamens discovered by US. Showed disease could be caused by lack of _____ as well as germs. |
vitamens
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20th century
New synthetic drugs, chemotherapy, antibiotics, and medications to fight allergies or ++++++ |
allergens
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20th century
lifespan 70-80 years. ------ illnesses common and geriatrics becomes a specialty. |
Chronic
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20th century Mental illness a problem for society. Shock therapy and psychosurgery replaced with drugs and +++++Tranquilizers changed approach to +++++ of mental illness
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psychotherapy
assessment |
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End of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries- increasing focus on specialization- patient focus was ____
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lost
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20th century physcial, occupational and speech therapy. continuing focus on specialty vs _____ perspective
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holistic
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20th century Costs increase due to _____, limiting the access of poor.
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specialization
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20th century surgery and ananestia improve. Transplatation of _____
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organs
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20th century Defintion of death changed from cessation of heart and lung function to ____ death by EEG.
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brain
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20th century People could be kept alive by mechanical means. Focus on living ____ 1975 removal of support from comatose woman
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wills
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20th century Pts with terminal illnesses want to die with dignity. First hospice in 1967. Dr Jack ++++++ assisted suicide
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Kervokian
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20th century mass media image of medicine ++++ Quackery medicine
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cold
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20th century Rejection of herbal and alternative therapies in favor of ____ approach. People favor alternative and herbal therapies, but they are not _____
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scientific
regulated |
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20th century Identification of specific _____ related to certain conditions. how to alter or prevent condiiton unknown
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genes
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20th century First test tube baby born. Gave hope to ____ couples.
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infertile
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20th century 1981 AIDs discovered and challenge to research. Prolonged life but no _____
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cure
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20th century 1997 First successful cloning of sheep- human ____ and growth of organs for human transplantation
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cloning
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Hopes for 21st century Vaccine for HIV, Cure for ___, Cure for obesity, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. cloning of organs
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Aids
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Hopes for 21st century More effective tx mental illness, prevention and alternative therapy used to complement ++++++medicine
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traditional
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Hopes for 21st century Lifespan of ____ years. Less invasive diagnostic and theraputic tx with less harmful side effects
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100+
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Specialization Medical practice is more technical and ++++++
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fragmented
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Specialization Long term relationships between patient and _____ are breaking down
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physician
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Aging Population- Life span increases due to improved medicine and ++++. Also more aged due to baby boom
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surgery
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Aging Population heavy consumers health care including ++++ facilities, chronic problems, and home health care.
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LTC
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Increasing Costs
Technology, More elderly, rising prices of drugs, and increasing number of diagnostic ++++and treatments, more medical malpractice suits, lack of competition, rising expectations, poor distribution of health care providers and facilities, and more effective treatments. |
tests
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The following conditions account for the majority of hospital admissions: heart problems, mental illness, _____, stroke and respiratory problems.
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cancer
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cost of hospitals increasing causing development of other types of care to limit the ++++ and length of stay
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number
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Levels of care offered by hospital include: trauma center sophisticated equipment and trauma ____
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surgeons
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Levels of care offered by hospital: emergency room sudden conditions that require _____ attention accidents and heart attacks
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immediate
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Levels of care offered by hospital:ICU or +++++ care unit. Contiuous care and monitor of serious illnesses or injuries
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intensive
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Levels of care offered by hospital:CCU Specialized equipment and continuous monitoring of _____ conditions
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heart
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Hospital General Unit provides care for ill who do not need specialized ____ or continuous nursing care.
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Care
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Transitional care or TCU provides lower level care while arrangements to return ____ or other facility
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home
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Rehab units- musculoskeletal, neurological, and orthopedic ++++++
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conditions
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Challenges of Modern Hospital
diversification of services, elimination of _____, merging, joining with large systems, and purchased by large organizations. |
services
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Problem facing hospitals is the large number of +++++
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uninsured
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Joint commission, private nonprofit, set standards for +++++ for hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, LTC and labs.
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accreditation
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Medicare and private insurance won't pay for services at facilities that are ++++ accredited.
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NOT
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Adult Day Care activities, meals and ____ for seniors and developmentally disabled.
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supervision
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LTC includes SNF or skilled ____ facilities which provide nursing and rehab on 24 hr basis.
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nursing
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LTC includes SNF or skilled ____ facilities which provide nursing and rehab on 24 hr basis.
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nursing
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LTC includes intermediate ---------- care facility which provides personal care, soc services, for those who don't req 24 hr nursing care.
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nursing
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LTC includes adult foster _____which provides 24 hr personal care and supervision for a +++++number of residents
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home
small |
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LTC includes intermediate ---------- care facility which provides personal care, soc services, for those who don't req 24 hr nursing care.
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nursing
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LTC includes SNF or skilled ____ facilities which provide nursing and rehab on 24 hr basis.
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nursing
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LTC includes adult foster _____which provides 24 hr personal care and supervision for a +++++number of residents
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home
small |
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LTC also includes assisted _____ residence provides housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but don't need +++++care.Also known as supportive housing and residential LTC
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lving
nursing |
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LTC includes intermediate ---------- care facility which provides personal care, soc services, for those who don't req 24 hr nursing care.
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nursing
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LTC also includes assisted _____ residence provides housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but don't need +++++care.Also known as supportive housing and residential LTC
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lving
nursing |
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LTC also continuing care community. Variety of ____ arrangements.
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living
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LTC includes adult foster _____which provides 24 hr personal care and supervision for a +++++number of residents
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home
small |
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LTC also continuing care community. Variety of ____ arrangements.
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living
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LTC also includes assisted _____ residence provides housing, meals, and personal care to individuals who need help with daily living activities but don't need +++++care.Also known as supportive housing and residential LTC
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lving
nursing |
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LTC also continuing care community. Variety of ____ arrangements.
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living
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Diagnostic centers - radiography, to determine the ____ of illness
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causes
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Emergency and Urgent Care Centers care for conditions that req ______ attention
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immediate
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Health ____services in companies, schools, and prisons
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care
basic preventive |
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Surgical Centers- outpt services that do not req ______
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hospitalization
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Wellness Centers offer routine physicals, prevention such as immunizations, exercise and +++++
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nutrition
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Rehabilitation Clinics occupational therapy, speech therapy, hearing, substance ____
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abuse
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Home health care providers
shorter hospital stays, more elderly, advances in equipment to allow at home, desire of individuals to remain at +++++ |
home
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Hospice supplies palliative care. It ____, not cures.
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relieves
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National Institute of _____
27 centers that conduct and support all types of medical research. |
Health
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US Dept of Labor Occupational Safety and ++++ Administration OSHA minimum health and safety standards which employers must follow
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Health
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
research to prevent _____ |
contagion
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FDA Food and +++ Administration ensures pure and safe food, drugs, and cosmetics
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Drug
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State Health Depts
licensed hospitals, nursing homes, monitor chronic and communicable _____. Lab services, emergency medical services, health data systems, and conduct public health planning |
diseases
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Local Health Depts
collect ____ statistics screen for diseases provide health education and immunizations supevise water and sewage provide Vd clinics mental and substance abuse counseling |
vital
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Why new approaches to health care: access to info, search for less invasive and costly, growing interest in use of ------- products, belief in mind body connection, emphasis on prevention, pt want more responsibility for tx, direct to consumer advertising, and humanization of medicine
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natural
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Wellness is the promotion of ++++ thru prevention and practice of good health habits.
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health
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Margaret Newman associated with expanding consciousness, nursing approach for pts not well but living with ____ or injury
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illness
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Complementary and alternative medicine not traditionally performed by ++++medical practitioners, Herbs and meditation
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conventional
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Local Health Depts
collect ____ statistics screen for diseases provide health education and immunizations supevise water and sewage provide Vd clinics mental and substance abuse counseling |
vital
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Why new approaches to health care: access to info, search for less invasive and costly, growing interest in use of ------- products, belief in mind body connection, emphasis on prevention, pt want more responsibility for tx, direct to consumer advertising, and humanization of medicine
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natural
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Wellness is the promotion of ++++ thru prevention and practice of good health habits.
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health
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Margaret Newman associated with expanding consciousness, nursing approach for pts not well but living with ____ or injury
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illness
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Local Health Depts
collect ____ statistics screen for diseases provide health education and immunizations supevise water and sewage provide Vd clinics mental and substance abuse counseling |
vital
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Complementary and alternative medicine not traditionally performed by ++++medical practitioners, Herbs and meditation
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conventional
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Why new approaches to health care: access to info, search for less invasive and costly, growing interest in use of ------- products, belief in mind body connection, emphasis on prevention, pt want more responsibility for tx, direct to consumer advertising, and humanization of medicine
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natural
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Wellness is the promotion of ++++ thru prevention and practice of good health habits.
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health
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Margaret Newman associated with expanding consciousness, nursing approach for pts not well but living with ____ or injury
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illness
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Complementary and alternative medicine not traditionally performed by ++++medical practitioners, Herbs and meditation
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conventional
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Complementary medicine is used along with _____ medicine
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conventional
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Integrative medicine combines conventional med tx with _____ med tx for which there is a high quality of scientic evidence of safety and effectiveness.
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complementary
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Alternative _____ refers to practices used instead of conventional medicine, such as acupuncture instead of surgery.
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medicine
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Complementary and alternative ++++ becoming increasingly popular.
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increasingly
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Homeopathic medicine (whole medical systems) assists body to heal itself of symptoms by small quantities of substance produces symptoms like cures ++++
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like
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Naturopathic medicine assists the body to use own healing power with methods such as exercise and medicinal +++++
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plants
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Mind-Body Medicine patient support groups, meditation, prayer, and ++++ outlets like art and music
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creative
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Biologically based Practices
aromatherapy, herbs, ____ supplements, and use of natural products like shark |
dietary
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Manipulative and Body Based Practices= chiropractic, osteopathic, massage, and application of pressure to body parts or ++++++
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reflexology
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Energy therapies- energy fields and pathways- qi gong movement, meditation, and breathing,- ___theraputic touch and transmit universal energy and Bioelectromagnetic
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Reiki
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Complemetary alternative medicine is susceptible to ++++
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fraud
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Osteopathy based on belief that body can protect itself if musculoskeletal fine, esp the ++++
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spine
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Osteopath vs chiropractor Which is MD, and can prescribe drugs?
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Osteopath is MD. Chiropractor may recommend nutrition and herbal.
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Chiropractor puts pressure on the nerves leaving ____ column.
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spinal
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Massage therapy puts pressure on body, promotes circulation and _____
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healing
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Naturopathy combines traditional and ____ remedies.Diet, exercise
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natural
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Homeopathy small amounts of the natural substance that casue the ____ in the first place. Only 3 states license.
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disorder
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Energy Therapies Acupuncture is ____
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one
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Social Conditions that affect Healthcare: poverty (breakdown of _____ unit)
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family
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Social Conditions that affect Healthcare: homelessnes leads to lack of access to ==== care, malnutrition and poor hygiene.
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medical
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Social Conditions that affect Healthcare: Violence leads to emergency ++++ care services.
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health
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Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care Substance abuse leads to increased violence and inability to ___
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Care for self and family
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Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care Spousal and Child Abuse need for health care, and use of _____ room
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emergency
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Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care Poverty and malnutrition lack of prenatal ++++
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care
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Social Conditions that Affect Health and Health Care People live _____
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alone
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Preauthorization allows procedures to be +++++
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performed
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Public health concern: pandemic. Important indicator of health system is ___ mortality rate.
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infant
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Antibiotic resistance one of world's most pressing _____ problems
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health
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3 leading causes of death in US heart disease, cancer, and _____ All effected by lifestyle change
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stroke
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