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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Erythro |
a xCy xCy b |
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Threo |
a xCy yCx b |
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D configuration |
| COOH HCOH or HCNH2 CH2OH | |
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L configuration |
| COOH HOCH or NH2CH CH2OH | |
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Methyl halide with highest dipole moment |
CH3Cl |
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Grove's process |
ROH + HCl/ZnCl2 ----> RCl |
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Lucas Test |
Alcohol is converted to chloride with HCl/ZnCl2 (Lucas reagent); white turbidity occurs. 3° react within a minute; 2° under 5 minutes; 1° do not react. |
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Finkelstein reaction |
Iodination of alkyl halide (with NaI in acetone, with heat). |
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Swart's reaction |
Fluorination of alkyl halide (with AsF3, SbF3, AgF, Hg2F2, CoF3) |
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Birnbaum Simonini reaction |
RCOOAg + I2 ----> RCOOR +AgI |
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Sandmeyer's reaction |
Diazonium salt (ArN2Cl) with CuCl2 / CuBr2 / KI / HBF4 gives ArX. |
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Insecticide (C6H6Cl6) [name] |
Gammexane / Lindane / gamma-isomer (aaaeee) |
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True/false: 1. Alkyl halides are more inflammable than alkanes. 2. RX (pure) is colorless, even on exposure to light. 3. Due to high electronegativity of halogens, alkyl halides can form hydrogen bonds, and hence, are soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents. 4. Bond stability order: CF > CCl > CBr > CI. 5. Alkalis cannot hydrolyse isocyanides. 6. Aliphatic alcohols react with HCl, even in the absence of ZnCl2, in Lucas test. 7. Wurtz reaction is not given by both 2° and 3° alkyl halides. 8. Thiols are more acidic than alcohols. 9. Due to stronger -I effect at ortho than para of nitro group, o-nitrophenol is more acidic than p-nitrophenol. |
1. False 2. False (RBr and RI develop color.) 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False (only 3° can react in the absence of ZnCl2.) 7. False (only 3° halides do not give Wurtz reaction.) 8. True 9. False (H-bonding of ortho isomer decreases acidity.) |
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Dow's Process (with regards to Organic Chemistry) |
Chlorobenzene to phenol at high temperature and pressure. |
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Gattermann-Koch aldehyde synthesis |
Benzene + CO + HCl + AlCl3 ----> Benzaldehyde (under high pressure) This is different from Gattermann aldehyde synthesis. |
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Gattermann aldehyde synthesis |
Benzene + HCN + HCl + AlCl3 ----> (hydrolysis) ----> Benzaldehyde |
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Von Richter Reaction |
Halonitrobenzene --(KCN / 150° C)--> Halocyanobenzene (entry of -CN ortho to -NO2 and expulsion of -NO2). |
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Freon |
Chlorofluro compounds of methane and ethane |
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Alcoholic Proof |
Twice the percentage by volume of alcohol, in an ethanol-water mixture. |
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True/False: False: 1. Di-Sulphonation followed by nitration of phenol gives better yield of picric acid than nitration alone. 2. Phenol turns pink on exposure to air and light, due to hydration. 3. On exposure to air and light for a long time, ethers react with nitrogen to form explosives. 4. In fries rearrangement of phenolic esters, o- form dominate at low temperature, and p- form at high temperature, due to -I effect of -OH group. 5. 3° RX should not be used for Williamson ether synthesis. |
1. True (In the latter, Phenol is oxidized to benzoquinone.) 2. False (Due to oxidation to quinone and resultant formation of phenoquinone.) 3. False (Peroxides, that decompose violently, are formed.) 4. False 5. True |
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Dakin Reaction |
o/p-C6H4-CHO-(OH/NH2) ---(1. H2O2/NaOH ; 2. H3O+)---> (Replace -CHO with -OH) |
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Ebs Persulphate oxidation |
Phenol with alkaline K2S2O8, followed by hydrolysis gives Quinol. |
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Riemer-Tiemann Reaction |
Phenol + CHCl3 + aq. NaOH ----> o/p-hydroxybenzaldehyde |
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Kolbe's reaction or Kolbe-Schmitt reaction |
Sodium phenoxide + CO2 --(400K / 6 atm)--> Salicylic acid Sodium phenoxide + CO2 --(430 K / 6atm)--> p-hydroxy benzoic acid |
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Vilsmeier reaction |
Phenol with dimethyl formamide and POCl3 gives o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. |
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Ledderer Mannasse reaction |
Phenol with formaldehyde (with acid/base) gives hydroxy benzyl alcohol. |
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Pinacol - Pinacolone rearrangement |
Vicinal diols in the presence of an acid undergo this reaction, forming ketones, via dehydration, followed by rearrangement. |
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Williamson Synthesis |
RX + R'ONa ----> ROR' (X is a halide, but can also be RSO3- or ArSO3-) |
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Claisen Rearrangement reaction |
Aryl/Alkyl allyl ethers undergo a rearrangement when heated in an inert solvent; the alkyl group migrates, preferably to ortho, or para position.
This differs from Claisen Condensation and Claisen-Schmidt reaction. |
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Fries Rearrangement reaction |
Phenolic esters with AlCl3 rearrange to form o- or p- acyl phenols. |
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Jones reagent |
Chromic acid in acetone (with optionally, water) Oxidises 1° and 2°alcohols to aldehyde (acid, if aqueous) and ketones without affecting double or triple bonds. Should not be used in the presence of acid sensitive groups. |
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Collin's reagent or Collin-Ratcliff reagent |
CrO3 in pyridine and dichloro methane. A mild oxidizing agent for alcohols containing acid sensitive groups. |
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Oxidation with NaOCl |
Oxidises sec-alcohols without affecting primary. |
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Kucherov reaction |
Hydration of alkyne by acid (H2SO4) and Hg2+ to alkenol - ketone / aldehyde. |
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Nef reaction |
Conversion of nitro alkanes to carbonyls. |
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Stephen's reaction |
Hydrolysis of cyanide to aldehyde, with SnCl2/HCl. |
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Hell Volhard Zelinskey reaction |
Reaction of carboxylic acid with Cl2/Br2 in the presence of red phosphorus to yield alpha- (mainly)Cl /(but only)Br -acid. |
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What happens when... 1. Alpha-hydroxy acids are heated? 2. Beta-hydroxy acids are heated? 3. Alpha-hydroxy acids are heated with dil. H2SO4? 4. Beta-hydroxy acids are heated with dil. H2SO4? |
1. Cyclic diesters are formed. 2. Alpha-beta unsaturated acid is formed. 3. Aldehyde/ketone and formic acid is formed. 4. Alpha-beta unsaturated acid is formed. |
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Difference between benzyl, benzo, benzal? |
Benzo : PhC Benzal : PhCH Benzyl: PhCH2 |
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Claisen Condensation |
Two molecules of an ester, or an ester and a carbonyl compound, condense in the presence of a base (NaOEt) to give beta-keto-ester. This differs from Claisen Rearrangement and Claisen-Schmidt reaction.
|
|
Schmidt Rearrangement Reaction |
Carboxylic acid with hydrazoic acid (with H2SO4) gives acid azide, which on heating gives alkyl isocyanate. This yields 1° amine on hydrolysis. |
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Claisen-Schmidt Reaction |
Carbonyl compounds lacking alpha-H undergo aldol condensation with aldehydes/ketones containing alpha-H.
This differs from Claisen Rearrangement reaction and Claisen Condensation. |
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Hofmann Bromamide Rearrangement (Degradation Reaction) |
Acid amides with Br2/Cl2 and alkali give primary amine, containing 1 C atom less than the parent. |
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Dieckmann Condensation |
Diester containing alpha-H undergoes intramolecular Claisen condensation in the presence of a base (NaH/EtOH) to form a ring (generally 5, 6 or 7 membered). |
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Lossen Rearrangement Reaction |
The Lossen rearrangement is the conversion of a hydroxamic acid to an isocyanate, via the formation of an O-acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl intermediate hydroxamic acid O-derivative and then conversion to its conjugate base. |
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Fenton's reagent |
A mixture of FeSO4 or acetate and H2O2 is Fenton's reagent, an oxidising reagent. (This involves the formation of OH radical.) |
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Curtius Rearrangement reaction |
Acid azide, on heating in non polar solvent, rearranges to give alkyl isocyanate. |
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Wolff Rearrangement |
Diazoketone, on treatment with Ag2O, rearranges to ketene, eliminating N2. |
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Victor Meyer's Test |
Test for distinguishing alcohols: Alcohol --> Iodide --> Nitrate --> Nitrolic acid, Pseudo nitrole, nil --(NaOH)--> (red, with 1°alcohol), (blue, with 2°alcohol), (colorless, with 3°alcohol) respectively
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Dunstan's test (for Glycerol) |
Phenolphthalein drops in borax solution give pink colour. Addition of glycerol to this solution discharges pink colour in cold, which however reappears on heating and again disappears on cooling. This in Dunstan's test for glycerine. |
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Bouveault-Blanc Reduction |
Aldehyde, ketones and esters can be reduced to alcohols, in the presence of excess Na and ethanol. |
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Product of reaction of alkyl borate (R3B) with: 1. H2O2 / OH- 2. CH3COOH 3. AgNO3 4. X2 (halogen, mainly Br2) |
1. Alcohol (Anti-Markovnikov) 2. Alkane 3. R-R 4. RX |