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108 Cards in this Set
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PROCESS BY DNA ENCODES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS AN PROTEINS.
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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Before the synthesis of a protein begins, the corresponding RNA molecule is produced this is called?
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Transcription
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The ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon is called?
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Translation
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A SEQUENCE OF 3 DNA NUCLEOTIDES THAT STAND FOR 1 AMINO ACID IS CALLED
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BASE TRIPLET
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THE MIRROR IMAGE SEQUENCE IN mRNA
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CODON
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Where does most protein synthesis occur
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cytoplasm
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Process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA?
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transcription
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RNA produced by transcription
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pre-mRNA
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Converts language of nucleotides into language of amino acid?
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translation
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who does translation
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ribosomes
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1 mRNA holding 10-20 ribosomes together in a cluster?
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polyribosome
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cell cycle
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G1, S, G2, & M
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Synth protein, grows, carries out its task for the body?
1st gap phase last 8-10 hours |
G1 phase
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Synthesis phase,
cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles, and all of its DNA? 6-8 hours |
S phase
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Cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division?
4-6 hours |
G2 phase
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mitoic phase, in which a cell replicates its nucleus and the pinches in 2 to form 2 new daughter cell
1-2 hours |
M phase
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G1, S, G2 are called
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INTERPHASE
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4 phases of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase
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At this stage a chromosome consists of 2 genetically identical bodies called CHROMATIDS joined together at the pinched spot called CENTROME?
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prophase
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how many chromosomes
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46 pairs
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how many chromatid per chromosome
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2
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how many molecules of DNA in each chromatid
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1
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Chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator an is waiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere?
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metaphase
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Each chromatid is now a single stranded daughter cell?
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anaphase
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telophase
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last phase
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Division of the cytoplasm into cells?
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cytokinesis
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2 physically identical chromosomes one maternal in origin the other paternal?
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homologous chromosomes
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The gene that a person posses for particular trait?
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genotype
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detectable trait such as eye color or blood type
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phenotype
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a gene that is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of a dominant gene
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recessive gene
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a gene that is phenotypically expressed even in the presence of any other gene
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dominant gene
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identical allleles for a given gene
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homozygus
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2 different alleles for a given gene
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heterozygous
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inheritance of a gene on the X or Y chromosome, so that the associated phenotype is expressed more in one sex than the other
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sex linkage
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mutated "misbehaving" forms of normal genes
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oncogenes
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2 copies of each chromosome
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diploid
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used in sexual reproduction
is exactly 1/2 a a species |
haploid
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carbohydrates & fats
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burned as fuel
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3 major pathways of glucose catabolism
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glycolysis, anaerobic fermention, aerobic respiratin
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splits a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid
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glycolysis
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occurs in the absence of oxygen and reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid
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anaerobic fermentation
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occurs in the presence of oxygen and oxidizes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
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aerobic respiration
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What are these: flavin monoonucleotide, Iron-sulfur, Coenzyme, Copper ions, cytochrome
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members of the transport chain (5)
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train
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A group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ?
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tissue
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4 types of tissue
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epithelial
connective nervous muscular |
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primary germ layers
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ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
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ectoderm (2)
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nervous
epithelial |
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mesoderm (3)
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muscle
connective epithelial |
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endoderm (1)
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epithelial
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What tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption
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epithelial
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where is epithelial located
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epidermis
inner lining digestive tract liver and other glands |
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more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind together, and protect organs
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connective
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Where is connective tissue found?
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tendons and ligaments
cartilage and bone blood |
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excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
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nervous tissue
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Where is nervous tissue located?
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brain
spinal cord nerves |
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composed of elongated excitable cells specialized for contraction
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muscular tissue
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Where is muscular tissue?
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skeletal muscle
heart (cardiac muscle) walls of viscera ( smooth muscle) |
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thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, form spongelike frame work for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes
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reticular fibers
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cutaneous membrane
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the skin
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lines passage ways that open to the exterior environment
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mucus membrane
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What is the integumentary system?
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the skin and its accessory organs, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands
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The name of the skin that covers the palms and soles?
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stratum corneum
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Carotene color?
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yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange veggies
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Cyanosis color?
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blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood.
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Erythema color?
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abnormal redness of the skin
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Pallor Color?
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a pale or ashen color
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albinism color?
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a genetic lack of melanin
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Jaundice color?
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is a yellow of the skin and whites of eyes from high bilirubin
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Bronzing?
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a golden-brown skin color that results from Addison disease
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hematoma?
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bruise, mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
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Glabrous skin?
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hairless skin
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fine, downy, un-pigmented hair, that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development
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lanugo
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Alopecia?
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thinning hair or baldness
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excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hair
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hirsutism
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sudoriferous glands
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sweat glands, cool the body
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diaphoresis?
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sweating with wetness of the skin
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sebaceous glands?
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oil glands associated with hair follicles
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Ceruminous glands?
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glands of the ear that produce earwax
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mammary glands?
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Milk-producing glands located in the breasts
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The subcutaneous layer, known as the hypodermis, consists of which 2 tissues?
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areolar & adipose
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Which type of cell junction is common in tissues that are subjected to friction and stretching?
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anchoring junctions
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3 classifications of loose connective tissue?
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adipose, areolar, reticular
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Which connective tissue form tendons and ligaments?
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Dense Regular
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Membrane covering the lungs?
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pleurae
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Membrane covering the heart?
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periardium
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Membrane covering the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys?
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peritoneum
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Membrane covering the bladder, rectum, reproductive organs?
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peritoneum
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The epidermis is composed of?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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During transcription, DNA cytosine pairs with?
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guanine
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Cytokiesis usually starts during late ____and finishes during___?
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anaphase, telephase
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Which layer contains living cells?
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stratum basale
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This layer is absent in the skin?
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stratum lucidum
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This layer is rich in stratified squamous epithelia:
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epidermis
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This structure produces "goose bumps":
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piloerector
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The oily secretion that prevents the skin from drying and cracking is:
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sebum
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The layer of the epidermis where one can find melanocytes is the
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stratum basale
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How thick is the dermis?
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0.2mm to 4mm
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Which layer of the skin is avascular?
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epidermis
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The epithelium of the nail bed is called:
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hyponychium
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Primitive connective tissue is termed
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mesenchyme
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These cells found in connective tissue produce histamine:
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mast cells
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This excitable tissue is characterized by having intercalated discs and striations:
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cardiac muscle
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This type of epithelium is often keratinized and has tight intercellular junctions:
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stratified squamous
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This type of epithelium is found in the alveoli of the lungs:
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simple squamous
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
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S
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Chromatids migrate toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase?
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anaphase
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the mitotic spindle is formed during
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metaphase.
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During which phase of mitosis does the spindle begin to form?
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prophase
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