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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is conferred when cells and physiological process are incompatible with other species?
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Species resistance
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What is the first line of defense?
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structures, chemicals, and processes that work together to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place.
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The second line of defense involves what?
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internal structures such as protective cells, blood0borne chemicals, and processes that inactivate or kill invaders
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First line of defense + second line of defense = ?
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innate immunity
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True or False
Innate immunity is very specific |
False- it's not very specific
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What is the third line of defense?
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Adaptive immunity
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What are the two layers of skin?
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Dermis and epidermis
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Which cell layer contains dendritic cells?
What is another name for dendritic cells? |
Epidermal
Langerhans |
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What are the functions of dendritic cells?
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Phagocytize pathogens nonspecifically and play a role in adaptive immunity.
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Dermal cells secrete ___.
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antimicrobial pepties
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Sweat glands secrete a class of antimicrobial peptides called ___/
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dermicidins
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____ is an enzyme that destroys the cell walls of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits of the walls.
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Lysozymes
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Skin and _____ are two examples of the first line of defense.
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Mucous-secreting membranes
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True or False
Mucus contains antimicrobial peptides called defensins, but not antibodies. |
False- they contain both
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____ is an environment that is free from all other organisms or viruses
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axenic
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True or False
Tears contain lysozyme |
True
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Antimicrobial peptides are chains of about ___ amino acids that act against microorganisms
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40
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What are some ways that antimicrobial peptides work?
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1. Some can punch holes in their cytoplasmic membrane
2. Some can interrupt cell signaling or enzymatic action 3. Some recruit leukocytes to site. |
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Cells produce antimicrobial peptieds when microbial chemicals bind to ______ on host cells' membrane.
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Toll-like receptors
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Lipoteichoic acid binds to____.
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TLR2
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Lipid A (endotoxin) binds to
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TLR4
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Flagellin binds to
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TL45
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The second line of defense is composed of ____, ______, and ____.
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cells, antimicrobial chemicals, processes
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Plasma contains
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electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins
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When clotting factors have been removed from the plasma the result is ____/
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serum
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How is iron transported in the plasma?
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via transferrin
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Excess iron is stored in the liver bound to ____
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ferritin
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How does staphylococcus aureus respond to a shortage of iron?
How does the body respond to this? |
By secreting their own iron-binding proteins called siderophores
by producing lactopherrin |
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Cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma are called ______.
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Formed elements
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What are the 3 types of formed elements?
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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Leukocytes are divided into two groups ____ & ____
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granulocytes and agranulocytes
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Basophils stain ____ with what dye?
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blue with methylene blue (a basic dye)
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Eosinophils stain ___ with what dye?
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red to orange with an acidic dye (eosin)
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Neutrophils stain ____ with what dye?
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lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes
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Which granulcytes phagocytize pathogens?
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neutrophils and eosinophils
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Define diapedesis aka emigration
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Ability to attack microbes by leaving the blood stream via squeezing between cells lining the capillaries
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Basophils funciton in ___.
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inflamattion
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Eosinophils can also help to defend the body against ___>
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parasitic worms
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What are two types of agranulocytes?
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Monocyte and lymphocytes
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List some fixed macrophages
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alveolar macrophages of the lungs, microglia of the CNS, and Kuppfer cells of the liver
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Dendritic cells are a type of ____
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phagocyte
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macrophages + monocytes =
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mononuclear phagocytic system
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the _______ can serve as a sign of disease
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differential white blood count
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What are some mechanisms of the body's second line of defense?
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phagocytosis, extracellular killing by leukocytes, nonspecific chemical defenses, inflammation, and fever
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What are the five steps of phagocytosis?
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1. chemotaxis
2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. killing 5. elimination |
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Phagocytes use ____ for positive chemotaxis
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pseudopodia
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Leukocytes releas chemotactic factors which contain ___ and ___.
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complement and chemokines
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What is the term for coating mathogens with antimicrobial proteins?
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Opsonization
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A food vesicle formed after ingestion of microbes is called a
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Phagosome
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A phagosome comines with lysosomes are called
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phagolysosomes
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____ is an indication of helminth infestation
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eosinophilia
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Which two cells secrete protein toxins to destroy invadors?
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eosinophils and NK clells
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Neutrophils can disable microorganisms in theif vicinty by generatiNG extracellular fibers composed of DNA, histones, a protein
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NETs (Neutrophil extracellular traps)which bind and kill both gram neg and gram positive cells
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The complement system initially act as ___ and ____ and then indirectly trigger ____ and _____.
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opsonins and chemotactic factors
inflammation and fever |
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In the classical pathway of the complement system ____ activates it.
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antibodies
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In the alternate pathway, ___ or ____ activate complement
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pathogens
pathogenic products |
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What are the end products of the entire cascade in the complement system?
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Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs)
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____ act against viruses and are released by the host cell.
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Interferons
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What are teh 3 classes of interferons?
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Alpha, betta, and gamma
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Alfpha interferon is secreted by ___
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lymphocytes
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Beta interferon is secreted by ____.
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fibroblasts (when infected by viruses)
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True or False
Interferons proteict cells that secrete them |
False, they activate nk lypmphocytes and protect any neighbooring, uninfected cells
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What are to AVPs that are secreted?
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oligoadenylate synthetase and protein kinase
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Gamma interferon is produces by _____
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activated T lymphocytes and NK lymphocytes
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Damaged cells also release various chemcials such as
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histamine, prostaglandin, leukutrienes
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_____ and ____ leak from blood vessils during dilation and resulting in _____.
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prostaglandins and leukotrienes
edema |
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What are the steps of inflammation?
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1. Dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
2. Migration of phagocytes 3. Tissue repair |
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Fever os anody temperature above ___ degress celsius.
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37
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What chemicals trigger fever?
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Pyrogens (such as interleukin-1 which is produced by phagocytes
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