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47 Cards in this Set
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Enterobacteriacae (Enteric Bacteria)
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Most carried as normal flora (*exceptions indicated); infections are endogenous or exogenous: Differentiated based on IMViC series of tests
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Escherichia coli & other intestinal GNB
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#1 nosocomial pathogen; lactose-fermenting coliform indicator
UTI, wounds, septicemia, traveler’s diarrhea from food/water Strain O157:H7*: infected cows, manure, water/food= Shiga exotoxin; results in bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and possible kidney failure and death (especially children) Other enterobacteria are carried normally but may cause opportunistic infections, such as Proteus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, etc. |
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Shigella
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only carried by humans; causes bacillary dysentery and intestinal scarring
-associated with foodborne illnesses; cause fever due to lipid A endotoxin -can be carried post-infection for a year or more; shed in feces |
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Salmonella
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reservoir is Poultry; can lead to typhoid fever
-associated with foodborne illnesses; cause fever due to lipid A endotoxin -can be carried post-infection for a year or more; shed in feces |
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Yersinia pestis
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causes bubonic plague “Black Death” in 1400’s; rat flea vector
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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pseudoappendicitis in children
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Pseudomonas aerugunosa
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Environmental gram-negative bacilli; often nocosomial; very resistant
Produces green pyocyanin pigment; UV fluorescence; obligate aerobe (Oxidase+) Causes dermatitis in burn patients; cystic fibrosis pneumonia; swimmer’s ear |
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Neisseria meningitides
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upper respiratory; can lead to bacterial meningitis
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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“GC” (gonococcus); causes infant blindness; β-lactamase strains are resistant to penicillin; “superbug” due to emergence of strains that have increased resistance to antibiotics; increases suscept. to HIV
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Haemophilus influenzae type b
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ear infections; infant meningitis; Hib vaccine (capsule sugar conjugated to a protein); β-lactamase
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Legionella pneumophila
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Legionnaire’s disease; water/cooling systems
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Bordetella pertussis
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whooping cough; DTP vaccine
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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vaginosis; “clue cells
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Vibrio
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cholera dehydration and “ricewater” stools; toxin; saltwater seafood is reservoir
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Helicobacter pylori:
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causes ulcers; can survive low pH (urease)
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Campylobacter
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thermophilic stool pathogen; foodborne illness, especially in children
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Lyme disease; serological testing; Ixodes deer tick vector
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Treponema pallidum
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syphilus; including congenital syphilus; 4 stages
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Mycobacteria leprae
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leprosy; leads to Hansen’s disease; peripheral nerve pathology
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Mycobacteria tuberculosis
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TB; M.avium-intracellularae complex (MAC)
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Chlamydia
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sexually transmitted; nongonococcal urethritis (NGU); trachoma
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Rickettsia
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever rash; vector is Dermacentor wood tick
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Mycoplasma
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lacks cell wall (peptidoglycan); primary atypical “walking” pneumonia
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Listeria monocytogenes
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psychrophile; causes stillbirth; unpast. dairy , processed meats
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Corynebacterium
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pleotrophic/palisades arrangement; most affect skin; pathogen is C.
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Diptheriae
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respiratory failure due to pseudomembrane formation; DTP vaccine
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Lactobacillus
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main urine culture contaminant; probiotic; L.acidophilus in yogurt
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Propionobacterium
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acnes skin anaerobe that causes acne; able to live off sebum and survive acidic pH; blood culture contaminant
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Streptomyces
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soil bacteria; nonpathogenic source for many antibiotics (i.e. Streptomycin)
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Clostridium
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anaerobic; terminal spores resemble tennis rackets
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Clostridium tetanii
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neurotoxin-tetanus; lockjaw; DTP vaccine (toxoid)
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Clostridium botulinum
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neurotoxin-foodborne; botulism; infant botulism; Botox
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Clostridium perfringens
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cytotoxin- gas gangrene in diabetics
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Clostridium difficile
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enterotoxin-antibiotic associated colitis; probiotic therapy
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Clostridium tetanii
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neurotoxin-tetanus; lockjaw; DTP vaccine (toxoid)
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Clostridium botulinum
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neurotoxin-foodborne; botulism; infant botulism; Botox
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Clostridium perfringens
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cytotoxin- gas gangrene in diabetics
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Clostridium difficile
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enterotoxin-antibiotic associated colitis; probiotic therapy
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Staphylococcus aureus
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.
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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.
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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.
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Streptococcus
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Nonmotile; chain arrangements; facultative; Catalase-Neg; use peroxidase enzyme to inactivate toxic oxygen radicals
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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(Group A)-impetigo, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, necrotizing faciitis, bacitracin sensitivity; up to 80 types of surface protein M; capsule contains Hyaluronic acid; exotoxins can act as superantigens to stimulate the release of TNF and ultimately produce vascular injuries
-β-Hemolytic: |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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(Group B)-endogenous to human vagina, pharynx and large intestine; GBS (Group B strep) in pregnancy associated with neonatal meningitis; screened for in pregnant women in 3rd trimester
-β-Hemolytic: |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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cause of 60-70% bacterial pneumonias; endogenous to nasopharynx in 5-50% pop.; meningitis; middle ear infections in children <2 yrs. old; Prevnar Vaccine
-α-Hemolytic |
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Streptococcus mutans
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dental plaque; subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) assoc. with heart valve defects
-α-Hemolytic |
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Streptococcus enterococcus
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(Group D)-enteric; nosocomial opportunistic pathogen, esp. VRE; affect UT, wounds, blood, endocardium and appendix.
-γ-Hemolytic |