Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Geomicrobiologist
|
focuses on the roles of microbes in the development of earth's crust.
|
|
Marine microbiologist
|
studies the oceans and their smaller inhabitants
|
|
medical technologist
|
perform tests that help diagnose pathogenic microbes and their diseases.
|
|
nurse epidemiologists
|
analyze the occurence of infectious diseases in the hospitals.
|
|
astrobiologists
|
study the possibilities of organisms in space.
|
|
What is bacteria?
|
A category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
|
|
What is archae?
|
prokaryote and extremophiles.
|
|
What are viruses?
|
small, noncellular particles, that parasitize cells
|
|
What are fungi?
|
Eukaryotes that include both microscopic (mold and yeast) and larger organisms (mushrooms and puffballs).
|
|
What are protozoas?
|
Ekaryotes that are animal like and mostly single.
|
|
What are helminths?
|
Eukaryotic parasitic worms such as tapeworm, roundworm, and hookworm.
|
|
What does Algae belong to?
|
Eukaryotes, kingdom of Protista.
|
|
What is the classification of Protists?
|
Protozoans and Algae
|
|
What are the uses of microbes by man?
|
Immunology, Biotechnology, Genetic engineering, Public Health Microbiology/epidemiology, Food Microbiology, Dairy and Acquatic Micro, Ag Micro, Bioremediation.
|
|
What is Immunology?
|
studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions caused by invading microbes and other harmful entities.
|
|
What is Biotechnology?
|
Any process that harnesses the actions of living things to arrive at a desired product (yeast to make beer, vaccinations)
|
|
What is Genetic Engineering?
|
deliberate alterations of the genetic makeup of organisms to create novel microbes, plants and animals with unique behavior and physiology.
|
|
What is Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology?
|
Monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities.
|
|
What is Food, Dairy, and Aquatic Microbiology?
|
Examination of ecological and practical roles of microbes in food and water.
|
|
What is agricultural Microbiology?
|
Examination of relationships between microbes and domesticated animals and plants.
|
|
What is Biomediation?
|
Breakdown of toxins, introduces microbes into the environment to restore stability. (i.e. oil spills)
|
|
What is the #1 Infectious Killer in the U.S.?
|
Influenza/pneumonia
|
|
What is the #2 Infectious Killer in the U.S.
|
Septicemia
|
|
What is the #1 Infectious Killer in the World?
|
HIV
|
|
What is the #2 and #3 Infectious Killers in the World?
|
Respiratory infection, diarrhea.
|
|
What are other diseases that are linked to infectious organisms?
|
Malaria
Gastric ulcer Coronary Artery Disease Multiple Sclerosis Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
|
What organisms are found in the Kingdom Monera?
|
Bacteria and Archae
|
|
What organisms are found in the Kingdom Protists
|
Protozoans, algae
|
|
What organisms are found in the Kingdom Mycetae?
|
Yeast, Club fungi, and molds.
|
|
What type of appendages are found on bacteria?
|
flagella, axial filaments, pili (only on Gram -) and Fimbrae.
|
|
lophotrichous flagellum
|
small tufts of polar flagellum
|
|
amphitrichous flagellum
|
one polar flagellum on each end
|
|
peritrichous flagellum
|
randomly dispersed across the cell
|
|
chemotaxis
|
senses chemicals
|
|
phototaxis
|
light sensing
|
|
Signals that send flagella in a clockwise motion is said to make it ?
|
Tumble
|
|
Signals that send flagella in a counter clockwise motion is said to make it?
|
Run
|
|
Periplasmic Flagella
|
Internal flagella between the outer sheath and cell wall.
|
|
Pili
|
Used to pass on genetic material from one cell to another (conjugation). Found only on Gram- bacteria.
|
|
Fimbrae
|
used for adhesion to surfaces and cells.
|
|
What type of appendage is NOT found on bacteria?
|
Cilia
|
|
Glycocalyx in prokary.
|
Coating of macromolecules that protect the cell and may assist in adhering to surfaces.
|
|
Slime layer in prokary.
|
Not well organized. Loose covering that protects against fluid and nutrient loss.
|
|
Capsule in prokary.
|
Well organized coat made of proteins or polysaccharides or both. Common in pathogens.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what does the cell envelope consist of?
|
Cell wall and cell membrane.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what function does the cell wall have?
|
Determines shape, prevents lysis or collapsing due to change in osmotic pressure. Peptidoglycan is primary component.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what function does the cell membrane have?
|
Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Also allows passage of nutrients into the cell wall and the discharge of wastes. Sel. permeable.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what is the cell cytoplasm?
|
A dense gelatinous solution of sugar, salts, amino acids. 70-80% H2O. Serves as a solvent for materials used in all cell functions.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what is a chromosome?
|
A single, circular, double stranded DNA molecule containing all genetic info required by a cell, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what are plasmids?
|
Small circular double stranded DNA. These are extra chromosomal DNA. Duplicated and passed on to offspring.
Used in gen eng. Not ess. to bac. growth and metabolism. |
|
Plasmids are used in multidrug therapy to do what?
|
Avoid drug resistance.
|
|
In prokaryotes, ribosomes do what?
|
Site of protein synthesis. They differ from eukaryote ribosomes in size and number of proteins. Ribosomal RNA is 60%, protein 40% in makeup.
|
|
In prokaryotes, what is the cytoskeleton?
|
Internal network of protein polymers closely associated with the cell wall.
|
|
What type of appendages do eukaryotes use?
|
flagella and cilia
|
|
Cilia are used for locomotion and ___________ in eukaryotes.
|
feeding.
|
|
In eukaryotes, glycocalyx is a layer of complex fibers that function how?
|
As receptors and communicators.
|
|
Do eukaryotes have slime layers and capsules?
|
Yes.
|
|
Which eukaryotes have rigid cell walls that impart structural support and shape?
|
Algae and fungi.
|
|
How is the cytoplasmic membrane of the eukaryote similar to the prokaryote?
|
Made of phospholipids.
|
|
How is the cytoplasmic membrane of the eukaryote different from the prokaryote?
|
Eukaryotes have organelles that are membrane bound where prokaryotes do not.
|
|
In eukaryotes, what is the dense gelatinous fluid that is enclosed by the cell membrane called?
|
Cytoplasmic matrix or cytosol.
|
|
Where does glycolysis respiration occur in an eukaryote?
|
cytoplasm
|
|
The ___________ is enclosed by a nuclear envelope that is two membranes with pores for passage of molecules to and from it.
|
nucleus
|
|
What is the site of messenger RNA synthesis and an area for collecting ribosomes in an eukaryote?
|
nucleolus
|
|
What is the function of ER?
|
Form a transport highway for molecules.
|
|
Rough ER has ribosomes on the ER membrane surface and is site of what?
|
protein synthesis
|
|
Smooth ER functions in what?
|
nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of non-protein marcromolecules (lipids).
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
UPS - packages proteins for distribution to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell via secretions.
|
|
What is the sensory pathway?
|
Nucleus to ER to Golgi and out.
|
|
Mitochondria
|
produces the majority of energy for the cells in the form of ATP (citric acid, electron transport). Lives a life almost independent from cell.
|
|
What are chloroplasts function?
|
Produce chemical energy via sunlight. Has a double membrane and light absorbing pigments.
|
|
Thylakoids
|
individual flattened sacs
|
|
Granum
|
stacks of thylakoids
|
|
What is the cytoskeleton of a eukaryote composed of?
|
Microfilaments for movement through amoebid motion.
Microtubules for structure of cell and movement of cilia and flagella. |
|
Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation, demonstrated Germ Theory of Disease, and invented pasteurization?
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
Which scientist developed a series of proofs that verified the Germ Theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused?
|
Koch
|
|
Which scientist identified the cause of anthrax, TB and cholera and was the first man to clearly link a microscopic organism with a specific disease?
|
Koch
|
|
Which scientist discovered that giving birth at home lowers the risk of infection than giving birth at the hospital?
|
Holmes
|
|
Which scientist discovered that women became infected in the maternity ward after examination by a doctor coming directly from autopsy?
|
Semmelweis
|
|
Which scientist introduced aeseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings and was the one who is responsible for introducing Handwashing.
|
Lister
|
|
Who is the Father of Microbiology?
|
Pasteur
|
|
Who is the self made microbiologist who invented the first microscope?
|
Leeuwenhoek.
|
|
What are the four steps in the Scientific Method?
|
Observe
Hypothesis Test Theory Law Principle |
|
What is the organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source. It is not nutritionally dependent on anything.
|
Autotroph
|
|
What is a photoautotroph?
|
organism that uses photosynthesis to survive.
|
|
What does oxygenic mean?
|
Uses O2.
|
|
What does anoxygenic mean?
|
Does not use O2.
|
|
What is a chemoautotroph?
|
Organism that survives totally on inorganic substances.
|
|
What are methanogens?
|
A type of chemoautotroph that produces methane gas under anaerobic conditions.
|
|
What are the two classes of autotrophs?
|
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs |
|
What are heterotrophs?
|
Organisms that must obtain CO2 in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids.
|
|
What are the classes of heterotrophs?
|
Chemoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph |
|
What are chemoheterotrophs?
|
metabolic conversion of nutrients from other organisms. (i.e. aerobic respiration).
|
|
What is a saprobe?
|
Decomposer. It metabolizes the organic material of dead organisms.
|
|
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
|
A pathogen that does not have to have a host and will not make you sick unless you already are sick.
|
|
What is a facultative parasite?
|
A parasite that is found where it does not typically live.
|
|
What is a parasite?
|
An organism that utilizes tissues and fluids of a live host. Can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or animal.
|
|
What is a photoheterotroph
|
An organism that utilizes sunlight or organic matter.
|
|
What are the top 6 elements of life?
|
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur, Nitrogen
|
|
How much of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?
|
79%
|
|
What element is an acceptor of oxygen during cell respiration and a gradient creation in cell respiration?
|
Hydrogen
|
|
What element is essential to metabolism of many organisms and makes up 20% of earth's atmosphere?
|
Oxygen
|
|
Which element is the key component of nucleic acids, essential to genetics, and serves in energy transfers (ATP)
|
phosphorous
|
|
Which element contributes to the stability of proteins by forming disulfide bonds and is an essential component of some vit and a.a. methione and cysteine.
|
Sulfur
|
|
How many major layers has a Gram Positive?
|
1
|
|
How many major layers has a Gram negative?
|
2
|
|
Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has a thick layer of peptidoglycan?
|
Positive
|
|
Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has a thin layer of peptidoglycan?
|
Negative
|
|
Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid?
|
Positive
|
|
Which Gram (Positive or Negative) has endotoxin, lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins?
|
Negative
|
|
In the Gram Negative, the bottom layer is the THIN layer of peptidoglycan. What are the spaces above and below that layer called?
|
Periplasmic space.
|
|
What are the four steps in Gram Staining?
|
Crystal Violet, Mordant, Alcohol, and Safranin.
|
|
What is a symbiotic relationship of microorganisms?
|
Organisms live in close nutritional relationships which is required by one or both members. The three categories are: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
|
|
What is mutualism?
|
obligatory dependent - both members benefit.
|
|
What is commensalism?
|
Commensal benefit - other member is not harmed.
|
|
What is parasitism?
|
Parasite is dependent and benefits. Host is harmed.
|
|
What is nonsymbiotic relationships of microorganisms?
|
organisms are free-living, relationships are not required for survival. Categories are synergism and antagonism.
|
|
What is synergism?
|
Members cooperate and share nutrients.
|
|
What is antagonism?
|
Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others.
|
|
What are the different types of transport?
|
Passive - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active - group translocation and bulk transport. |
|
What is diffusion?
|
Movement from high to low areas of concentration.
|
|
What is osmosis?
|
diffusion of water. The solvent seeks the solute!
|
|
What is facilitated diffusion?
|
moves with the gradient until equal. Requires a protein carrier.
|
|
What is group translocation?
|
transported molecule is chemically altered.
|
|
What is bulk transport?
|
Endocytosis, exocytosis, and pinocytosis.
|
|
What is endocytosis?
|
Object is engulfed by cell membrane to be carried into the cell in a vesicle.
|
|
What is exocytosis?
|
Object is expelled from membrane.
|
|
What is pinocytosis?
|
Endocytosis of liquid into membrane.
|
|
What is passive transport?
|
does not require energy. substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.
|
|
What is active transport?
|
requires energy and carrier proteins and is gradient dependent. Moves against gradient.
|
|
What is aerobe?
|
Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it.
|
|
What is obligate aerobe?
|
cannot grow without oxygen.
|
|
What is facultative anaerobe?
|
utilizes oxygen but can grow in its absence. (It is actually an aerobe)
|
|
What is microaerophilic?
|
requires only a small amount of oxygen.
|
|
What is anaerobe?
|
does not utilize oxygen.
|
|
What is obligate anaerobe?
|
Lacks enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygenated environment.
|
|
What is aerotolerant anaerobe?
|
Does not utilize oxygen, but can survive and grow in its presence. (Counterpart to facultative.)
|
|
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
|
Coccus, Bacillus, and Spirillum.
|
|
What shape is coccus?
|
spherical
|
|
What shape is bacillus?
|
Rod
|
|
What shape is spirillum?
|
helical, comma, twisted rod
|
|
In arrangements for cocci, groups of four are called
|
tetrads
|
|
Cocci arrangements are:
|
single, diplococcic, tetrads, irregular clusters, chains, and cubical packets called sarcina.
|
|
Bacilli arrangements are:
|
diplobacilli, chains, and palisades (or stakes).
|
|
____________ does not usually stay attached to each other.
|
Spirillum
|
|
________ are a result of when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix, binding them together in complex, organized layers.
|
Biofilms
|
|
_________ dominate the structure of the most natural environments on earth.
|
Biofilm
|
|
What is quorum sensing?
|
Communication and cooperation in formation and function of Biofilms.
|
|
What are the different methods for counting bacteria?
|
Turbidometry, Viable Plate count, Direct Cell count, and Direct Microscopic count.
|
|
Which method for counting bacteria uses degree of cloudiness for its method?
|
Turbidometry.
|
|
Which method of counting bacteria only counts living cells?
|
Viable Plate count
|
|
Which method of counting bacteria uses a coulter counter?
|
Direct Cell Count
|
|
Which method of counting bacteria uses a sample on a grid under a cover glass in which cells are only counted in the grid?
|
Direct Microscopic Count.
|