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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phrenology
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*theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits
*correctly est. that parts of the brain are responsilbe for certain aspects of behavior |
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biological psychology
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a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior (neuroscience, neuropsychology, behavior genetics)
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neuron
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a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
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dendrite
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busy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward cell body
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axon
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extension of neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. LONG
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myelin sheath
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layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
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action potential
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neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
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threshold
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level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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synapse
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junction b/w the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called synaptic gap or cleft
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps b/w neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
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Acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter. enables muscle action, learning, and memory
*undersupply- Alzheimer's |
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Dopamine
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neurotransmitter. influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
*excess- schizophrenia *starved- Parkinson's |
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Serotonin
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neurotransmitter. affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
*undersupply- depression |
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Norepinephrine
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neurotransmitter. Helps control alertness and arousal
*undersupply- depress mood |
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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
*undersupply- seizures, tremors, and insomnia |
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Glutamate
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major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
*oversupply- overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures |
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endorphins
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"morephine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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nervous system
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the boyd's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
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central nervous system (CNS)
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the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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sensory and motor nerons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
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nerves
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neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
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interneurons
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CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene b/w the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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motor neurons
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neurons that carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands
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somatic nervous system
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the division of PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles. also known as skeletal nervous system
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autonomic nervous system
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part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as heart). It's sympathetic division arouses; it's parasympathetic division calms
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sympathetic nervous system
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the division of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
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parasympathetic nervous system
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the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
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reflex
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simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response
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neural networks
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interconnected neural cells. with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens 0or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning
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endocrine sysytem
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the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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hormones
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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
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adrenal glands
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pair of endocrine glands just above kidneys. secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine which help to arouse the body in times of stress
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pituitary gland
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endocrine system's most influential gland. under influence of hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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