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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fascia |
- Layers of fibrous connective tissue, which extends beyond the muscle to become its tendon - Skeletal muscle is covered by fascia |
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Tendon |
- Joins muscles to bones - The layer that attaches to the muscle is called the epimysium |
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Fascicles |
- Muscle fibres (cells) are grouped into fascicles (bundles) |
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Sarcolemma |
- The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
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Sarcoplasm |
- The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
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Isotonic Contraction |
- Ordinarily, when muscles contract, they shorten and movement occurs--this is called isotonic contraction. Examples include: - Lifting an object off a desk - Walking - Swimming |
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Isometric Contraction |
- Sometimes muscles contract, but they do not shorten and no movement occurs--this is called an isometric contraction. - Muscles that keep our bodies upright when standing or sitting involve the isometric contractions of muscles that oppose gravity |
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Muscle Tone |
- A condition in which there are always some muscle fibers contracted--not the whole muscle, just some of the fibers |
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Aerobic Metabolism |
- In the presence of oxygen--aerobic respiration - 38 ATP per glucose Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP |
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Anaerobic Metabolism |
- In the absence of oxygen--anaerobic respiration - 2 ATP per glucose Glucose --> Lactic Acid + ATP |
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Metabolism of Creatine Phosphate |
- Provides very quick transfer of energy and a phosphate group to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecules to regenerate ATP - Provides sufficient ATP to sustain contractions up to 15 seconds Creatine Phosphate + ADP --> Creatine + ATP |
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Oxygen Debt |
- Defined as the additional oxygen that is required after physical activity to restore resting conditions - Laboured breathing that continues after the activity has stopped pays that debt back |
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Origin |
- The end of the muscle that is attached to the stationary bone is called the origin (and is NOT easily movable) |
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Insertion |
- The end attached to the other bone than the origin is called the insertion (and is easily movable) |
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Masseter |
- Raises the mandible (lower jaw bone) - Responsible for mastication (chewing) |
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Sternocleidomastoid |
- These muscles in the sides of the neck are named for their attachments - When only one side contracts, the head turns to the opposite side |
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Trapezius |
- Moves the shoulder blade (scapula) and the head - Shrug your shoulders and pull them back |
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Deltoid |
- Large triangular-shaped muscle that covers the shoulder - Abducts the arm (raises it laterally) to the horizontal position |
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Pectoralis Major |
- Large (major) anterior muscle in the upper chest |
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Latissimus Dorsi |
- This muscle is lateral and dorsal - Extends and adducts the arm (i.e., brings it down from a raised position) - This muscle is used for swimming, rowing, and climbing a rope |
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External Oblique |
- Runs at a slant and at right angles to the internal oblique muscle; the transversus abdominis, runs horizontally across the abdomen - Abdominal wall is strengthened by having muscle fibers that run in different directions |
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Rectus Abdominus |
- Outermost muscle that runs straight (rectus) up from the pubic bones to the ribs and sternum - Holds the contents of the abdominal cavity in place - Also allows the vertebral column (spine) to move easily |
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Biceps Brachii |
- This muscle is on he anterior upper arm - Flex your arm |
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Triceps Brachii |
- The only muscle of the posterior upper arm - Extends the forearm |
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Flexor Carpi and Extensor Carpi |
- Originate on the bones of the forearm and insert on the bones of the hand - Move the wrist and hand |
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Gluteus Maximus |
- Largest muscle in the body - Covers a large part of the buttock - Straightens the leg at the hip when one is walking, climbing stairs, or jumping from a couched position |
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Gluteus Medius |
- Lies partly behind the gluteus maximus - Raises the leg sideways to a horizontal position |
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Adductors |
- Located on the medial part of the thigh - Bring down the leg from a horizontal position; press the thighs together |
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Quadriceps Femoris |
- Composed of rectus femoris and vastus muscles (lateralis, intermeduis and medialis) - Main extensor of the lower leg |
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Hamstring Group |
- Composed of three muscles that are found in the back of the thigh: semitendinosus, bicep femoris, and semimembranosus |
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Sartorius |
- Long, strap-like muscle that begins at the hip, passes inward across the front of the thigh (femur), and descends over the medial side of the knee |
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Gastrocnemius |
- Located at the back of the lower leg where it forms the large part of the calf - This powerful plantar flexor of the foot aids in pushing the body forward when you walk or run |
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Tibialis Anterior |
- Long, spindle-shaped muscle located on the front of the lower leg - Contraction of this muscle causes dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot |
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Peroneus |
- Found on the lateral side of the leg where it connects the fibula to the foot bones - Contraction of this muscle causes eversion and plantar flexion (pointing of the toes) |