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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
motivation
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the biological, emotional, or social forces that activate and direct behavior
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instinct theories
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the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming
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drive theories
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behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
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homeostasis
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states that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium
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drive
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a need or internal motivational state that activities behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis
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incentive theories
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proposed that behavior is motivated by the "pull" of external goals, such as rewards, money, or recognition
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arousal theory
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people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal associated with varied and novel activities
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sensation seeking
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the degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities
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humanistic theories of motivation
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emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize thier personal potential
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glucose
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simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats
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insulin
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hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior
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basal metabolic rate(BMI)
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when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration
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adipose tissue
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body fat is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy
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energy homeostasis
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the long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure
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ghrelin
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hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
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positive incentive value
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the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior
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satiation
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feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal
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cholecystokinin(CCK)
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hormone secreted by the small intestine that promotes satiation
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sensory-specific satiety
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the reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food
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leptin
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hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior
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neuropeptide Y (NPY)
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neurotransmitter found in several brain areas(hypothalamus) that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain
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set-point theory
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proposes the body has a natural or optimal body weight(set-point weight) that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism
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settling-point models
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suggests that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure
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body mass index(BMI)
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a numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight
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obese
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condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index egual to or greater than 30.0
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cafeteria diet effect
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the tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available
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leptin resistance
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a condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do no produce the expected physiological response
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weight cycling
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repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight regain; yo-yo dieting
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sexual orientation
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the direction of a person's emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes
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hierarchy of needs
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Maslow believed that people are motivated to satisfy the needs at each level of the hierarchy before moving up to the next level
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self-actualization
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defined by Maslow's as a person's "full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities"
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self-determination theory (SDT)
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optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied
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intrinsic motivation
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the desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging
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extrinsic motivation
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external factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations
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competence motivation
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the desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation
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achievement motivation
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the drive to excel, succeed, or outperform others at some task
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thematic appreception test(TAT)
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a projective test developed by Henry Murray and his collegues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways
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emotion
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a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response
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emotional intelligence
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capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others
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basic emotions
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the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal
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interpersonal engagement
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emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people
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amygdala
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almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear
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anthropomorphism
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the attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects
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display rules
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social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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the theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes
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facial feedback hypothesis
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the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion
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two-factor theory of emotion
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emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal
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cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
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the theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation
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