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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Protozoan are _____ cell
-Euks or Proks? -Motility? |
-single cell
-eukaryotic -cilia, flagella, amoeboid, gliding |
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Entamoeba histolytica
-route of transmission -number of nuclei in mature cysts -position of karysome -Symptoms (Intestinal & Extrainstestinal) -Treatment |
-four nuclei
-fecal-oral route (cysts ingested) -central karysome - peripheral chromatin in nucleus - Intestinal: dysentery and non-dys. colitis Non-intestinal: hepatic (acute dysentery and abscess) and pulmonary -flagyl, iodoquinole, furamide (asymptomatic) emetine HCL(acute) flagyl, tinidazole (abscess) |
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How does E. dispar differ from E. histolytica?
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morphologically identical
- needs ELISA or PCR, DNA probes - Non-pathogenic |
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How does E. hartmanni differ from E. histolytica?
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Differentiated by size only
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How does E. coli differ from E. histolytica?
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-Non-pathogenic
-Off-center karysome -more prominent glyocen granules -cysts have 8 nuclei |
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How does E. polecki differ from E. histolytica?
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-Animal parasite (Pigs and monkeys)
-Single nuclei -vacuole in trophs -large karysomes |
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Iodamoeba butschlii is a pathogenic/nonpathogenic protozoa with a prominent _______ ________
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-non-pathogenic
-glycogen vacuole |
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Endolimax nana has small ______, no distinct peripheral _______, and is pathogenic/nonpatho.
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-trophs
-no distinct chromatin -non-pathogenic |
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Which two protozoans are associated with pyorrheal pockets?
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Entamoeba gingivalis & Trichonomas tenax
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Protozoan parasite associated with daycare centers, group homes, camping and unfiltered H2O
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Giardia Lambia
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Giardia
-distinctive morphology -evasion strategy -symptoms -treatment |
-ventral sucking disc attaching to duedenal wall, binucleated troph with 4 pairs of flagella
-antigenic variation of troph protein coat -diarrhea NOT dysentery -Flagyl |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
-transmission -male v female infection -treatment |
-transmission of TROPHS (NO cysts) during intercouse
-males: asymptomatic (occasional prostate infection) females: discharge and lesions -Flagyl |
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How does Trichomonas hominis differ from T. vaginalis?
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-non pathogenic and lives in large intestine
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Does T. vaginalis have cysts?
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Hellllls no
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Chilomastic mesnii has _____ found in stool, is patho/nonpathogenic, and has __#____ of flagella
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-cysts
-nonpathogenic -3 flagella |
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Dientamoeba fragilis:
-cysts or no cysts? -Classified as _______ -Where does it live? Tissue invasive? -Postulated transmission? -Symptoms? -Treatment? |
-No cysts
-trichomonad - Crypts of Large Intestine, non invasive -via helminth eggs (ascaris and enterobius) or fecal-oral - diarrhea, ab pain, blood & mucous in stool -iodoquinol, paromycin, tertracycline |
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Balantidium coli
-Reservoir host? -tissue invasive? -symptoms? -treatment |
-pigs
-No -dysentery (can spread to liver and lungs) -Terramycin |
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3 genomes present in all apicomplexa
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Mitochondrial, apicoplast, nuclear genomes (chromosomes)
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Apicoplasts are phylogenetically related to....they are also involved in _________ ____ synthesis
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chloroplasts
fatty acid synthesis |
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Types of diarrhea caused by coccidia
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-enterocyte damage (alterd epithelium - absorption and secretion, alveoli atrophy/blunting)
-inflammation -secretory (toxin, antibody (IgA)) |
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What is unique about the lifecycle of coccidia?
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-Sexual and asexual stages
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Isospora belli
- type of protozoan -Life cycle -symptoms -treatment |
-apicomplexa sporozoa (coccidia)
-coccidia (sexual and asexual) -dysentery, diarrhea, weight loss, eosinophilia, fat malabsoprtion -TMP and SMX |
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Cryptosporidium
-type of protozoan -immediate infectivity?? -transmission? - type / unique life cycle? - unique genome? - |
- apicomplexa sporozoa (coccidia)
-YES immediate infective -fecal oral transmission -coccidia (asexual, sexual and AUTOINFECTION) -missing apicoplast and mitochondria |
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Cyclospora cayetenesis
-type of protozoan? -life cycle -immediate infectivity? -how are people infected? -treatment? |
-apicomplexa sporozoa (coccidia)
-coccidia (asexual & sexual) -NO immediate infectivity -infected by ingesting contaminated produce (contam. by water) -no good method for recovery |
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Cerebral malaria is caused by:
Cerebral malaria in children may be accompanied by _______. |
the sticking of RBC to the capillary walls
-complex seizures |
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Maternal malaria is caused by:
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the sticking of infected RBCs to the placenta
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Where do Anopheles mosquitoes lay their eggs?
How many larval stages exist? What is the non-feeding surface breathing development stage? |
- Water surface
- 4 larval stages - pupa stage |
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What time of day to Anopheles vectors most of bite?
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Dusk until sunrise
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Relapsing or periodic fever/chills associated with malaria are called ________
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paroxysm
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P. vivax
-Fever cycle -Relapse? -Gametocyte shape? -Number of merozoites in schizont? -Liver stage characteristics? |
-48 hours - benign tertian
-Yes -Round -12-24 -Hypnozoite (latency) |
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P. falciparum
-Fever cycle -Relapse? -Gametocyte shape? -Number of merozoites in schizont? -All stages in peripheral blood? |
-48 hours (Malignant tertian)
-No -Oblong -24-36 -No |
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Malaria Life cycle
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Liver (sporozoites-shizont-merozoites), RBC (merozoites, trophozoites, shizonts, merozoites....trophs-gametocytes)
Mosquito: (gameotocytes, ookinete, oocyst, sporozoites) |
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P. malariae
-Number of merozoites in schizont? -gametocyte shape? -trophozoite characteristic? |
-6-12
-round but smaller than vivax -bands |
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P. ovale
Number of merozoites? -gametocyte shape? -Erythrocyte characteristic upon infection? |
-4-16
-oval but smaller than vivax -enlarged |
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Malaria parasites establish new compartments in erythrocyte's _____ for ____ secretion
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cytoplasm
protein secretion |
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Malaria protein that adheres to vascular epithelium
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PfEMP-1 and knob structure
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When infected RBCs begin to adhere to each other, this is known as_____
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rosetting
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Interval of time from infection until malaria parasites become detectable in the blood
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Prepatent period
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In the malaria rapid diagnostic test, what two antigens are detected?
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histodine (HRPR2--only expressed by P. falciparum) and aldolase
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Renewed manifestation of malaria infection due to the survival of erythrocytic forms, commonly from treatment failures of multi-drug resistant parasite
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Recrudescence
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Clinical Antimalarial Drugs can be used for:
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-treatment
-radical cure - hynozoites -prophylaxis -intermittent presumptive treatment (infants and pregnant) |
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Antimalarial drug that is trapped in parasite food vacuoles and inhibits polymerization of hemazoin and free heme kills parasite
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Chloroquine
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Antimalarial drug that is a blood schizonticide and not effective against hypnozoites or gametocytes
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Mefloquine
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Latent malaria parasites within liver cells
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hypnozoites
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Treatment for severe malaria (not cerebral)
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-antimalarial drug
-blood glucose -IV for shock -oxygen by nasal catheter -replace RBCs |
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Treatment for cerebral malaria
-Old? -New? |
-Quinine, Quinidine
-Artemesinin derivates |
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How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?
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-foodbone (undercooked meat)
-zoonotic transmission (cat feces) -congenital -transplant/transfusion |
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Toxoplasma gondii within the feces as is an unsporulated __1___ within the feces. Once ingested the __1___ transforms into a __2__, which in encysts in the muscle. Once encysted __2__ transforms to cyst __3___, which enter the cat when it ingests the cyst carrying animal.
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1. oocyst
2. tachyzoites 3. bradyzoites |
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Toxoplasma tachyzoites circulate through the body within _____
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macrophages
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-Clinical syndromes of toxoplasmosis
-Diagnosis by: -Treatment |
-acute
-congenital (hydrocephalus possible) -ocular -cerebral (AIDS) -serology (IFA or ELISA) -sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine OR clindamycin + pyrimethamine |
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The _____ gene is upregulated by 3 strains of toxoplasmosis, which is linked to schizophrenia
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VIPR2 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor)
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Life cycle of Naegleria consists of three stages
-Where is Naegleria found? -Which form of N. fowleri is found in the cerebral spinal fluid -Treatment? |
Ameboid trophozoites, cyst, and flaggelated form
-Warm, fresh water, soil, pools power plants -Trophs -Amphotericin B & miconazole |
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Where are naegleria trophozoites found in human body?
Are naegleria cysts found in the brain? |
-cerebral spinal fluid and tissue
-no cysts in brain |
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Naegleri fowleri:
-Clinical syndrome -Diagnose? -Treatment |
-meningoencephalitis
-trophs in CSF -amphotericin B and miconazole |
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Acantanthamoeba
-Where is it found? -Where is it found in humans? -Clinical Conditions? -Transmission? -Treatment |
-found in soil, fresh and salt water
-cysts and trophs in brain -pneumonitis, encephalitis, lesions, keratitis -cornea scratch, nose, or cut -propamide for keratitis, no effective treatment in others |
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Free living amoebae disease similar to Acanthamoeba that can be transferred via organ transplant
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Balamuthia madrillaris
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Dense body containing DNA in mitochondrion of hemoflaggelates
-cirlcular and minicircle DNA |
kinetoplastids
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Location of kinetoplast:
1. trypomastigote 2. epimastigote 3. promastigote 4. amastigote |
1. posterior
2. middle 3. anterior 4. middle (round) |
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Trypanosomiasis
-Vector -Evasion strategy -Symptoms -Diagnosis -Treatment |
-Tsetse fly
- antigenic variation via VSG - sleeping sickness, neuro, chancres, hemorrhage -ELISA, IFA, CATT, lumbar puncture -1st infection: pentamidinine for Tbg, suramin for Tbr 2nd infection: Melarsoprol for both, Eflonithine for Tbg |
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Trypanosomes life cycle
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Fly takes blood meal (trypomastigotes - procyclic trypo-metacyclic) ---- human (metacyclic trypo - trypo, which multiply via b.fission in blood, lymph, spinal cord)
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Dangers of using melarsoprol for treating trypanosomiasis
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-derived from arsenic
-can cause encephalopathy |
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Chagas' disease
-Parasite -Vector -Clinical symptoms - Which life cycle stage infects? -Treatment -Reservoir -Where does vector breed? |
-T. cruzi
-Reduuvid, kissing, triatome bug - Romanas sign, megacolon, myocarditis - intracellular amastigotes within skeletal and cardiac muscle -Benznidadole or Nifortinox -Rodents -Poorly built houses, roofs, mud huts, cracks |
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In Chaga's, the T. cruzi is in ____ form in the blood of humans, and in ______ form within the muscle cell. Within the mid gut of the Reduuvid, it is in _____ form, and within the hind gut it is ______, before being released.
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-trypomastigote
-amastigote -epimastigote -trypomastigote |
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Leishmania parasite is injected to the human in ___1__ form and is uptaken by __2____. The _1__ transform into __3___ and are taken up by the ___vector____. Within the vector, the _____3___ transform into __1__ in what ___body part___
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1. promastigote
2. macrophages 3. amastigote (intracellular!) 4. sand fly 5. midgut |
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How does is the infectivity of the promastigote amplified in leishmaniasis?
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Saliva
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Visceral Leishmania
-Symptoms -How quickly do the symptoms show? -How is diagnosis confirmed? -Treatment |
-Enlarged spleen and liver, fever, weight loss, anemia, leukopenia, thombocytopenia
-Incubation is 3-8 mo -Biopsy of bone marrow, lymph, spleen, liver -Liposomal amphotericin B (choice), pentestam, miltefosine |
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Cutaenous Leishmaniasis
-Symptoms -How quickly do symptoms develop? -Treatment? |
-sores, papules, or nodules on skin
-within a few weeks - can heal on own, or Antimony (pentastam), Cryotherapy, Heat, fluconazole |
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Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
-confined to which areas of the world? -what is it? -treatment? |
-Central and South America
-cutaneous lesion spreading to mouth or nose -pentastam/antimonials, fluconazole |
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Human bot fly that causes swelling and itching --- must be manual removed
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Dermatoba homoinis
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Vector for typhus, dog tapeworm, and bubonic plague
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Fleas
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Infestation of skin by furrowing Chigue flea
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Tungiasis
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Chewing lice that feed on skin oils
-Have laterally opposed mandibles |
Mallophage
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Lice that suck blood from capillary of skin with their long thin piercying style mouth parts
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Anoplura
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Red brown, oval and flat shaped bug that can be detected by looking for blood spots (fecals stains), exoskeleteon skin, and sweet and musty odor
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Bed bugs
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-Bacterial spirochate Borrelia burgdorferi
-bullseye rash -Reservoir? |
-Lyme's disease
-mouse and deer |
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-tick disease infecting white blood cells that results in a fever, headache, fatigue, muscle ache
- NO RASH |
-Ehrlichioisis
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Type of tick
1. lyme's disease, ehrliciosis, anaplasmosis, tick paralysis 2. STARI, tick paralysis, tularemia 3. RMSF, tick paralysis, tularemia |
1. Ixodes scapularis
2. Amblyomma americanum 3. Dermacantor variabilis |
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Apicomplexa disease with Ixodes tick and rodent hosts
-similar lifecycle to malaria -can be transmitted via transfusion |
Babesiosis
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-Insect whose bite results in skin necrosis, rash, fever, malaise, joint pain
-painless bite takes 6-12 hours to develop |
Brown Recluse spider
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