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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hyperfunction |
(too many hormones released): suppressor test |
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hypofunction |
( not enough hormones released): stimulation test |
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anterior pituitary |
releases ACTH to adrenal cortex ; designated - releasing of hormones here |
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growth hormone |
liver to release other hormones to develop bone and muscle growth |
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hypothalamus |
Secretes releasing hormones to the pituitary, tell pituitary to release their hormones, stored hormones into systemic circulation, either go to target cell or do job it is supposed to do; gets messages from the nervous system |
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hormone |
Attach to receptors that are on the surface of the cell or on the membrane or inside the cellWill only respond if it has a receptor for a specific hormone |
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autocrine |
hormone released from a cell and acts on itself (insulin) |
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paracrine |
released from a particular cell and acts on a nearby cell |
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hepatic cells |
synthesize bile and release into canaliculus |
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Hep A |
Usually benign and self limiting (least virulent)Contracted primarily via fecal oral route Does not cause chronic hepatitis or induce a carrier state |
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Hep B |
Can be acute, chronic, carrier, lead to cirrhosis Participates in the development of HDV Longer incubation than Hep A and more serious Transmitted via infected blood & body secretions |
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Hep C |
Multiple genotypes & subtypes Common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, end stage liver disease, liver cancer Transmitted via infected blood & body secretions Risks: recreational injection, high risk sexual behavior, needle sticks in the healthcare setting |
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HAV |
Which is the least virulent strain of hepatitis? |
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acute liver failure |
Systemic inflammation, jaundice, high blood ammonia, cerebral edema, drowsiness, slurred speech |
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alcoholic hep |
Liver inflammation and necrosis of liver cellsIntermediate stage between fatty liver and cirrhosis Rapid onset of jaundice Liver tenderness, pain, anorexia, ascitesAlways serious, sometimes fatal Progression to cirrhosis in 1-2 years |
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alcoholic cirrhosis |
Small nodules on the liver Fibrous scar tissue blocks sinusoids and bile canaliculi End-stage alcoholic liver disease |
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non alcoholic liver disease |
fatty liver disease with potential for progression to cirrhosis and end stage liver disease arising from a cause other than alcohol |
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cirrhosis |
Normal liver tissue replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue (irreversible) |
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portal hypertension |
Fibrous bands increase resistance to blood flow in portal venous system (increases pressure) |
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cholestasis |
Impaired bile flow Obstructive or metabolic Accumulation of bile in liver Accumulation of bilirubin, cholesterol, bile acids in blood |
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acute pancreatitis |
Acute: reversible inflammation of the pancreas (often from early activation of pancreatic enzymes) |
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chronic pancreatitis |
progressive & permanent destruction of the exocrine pancreas, fibrosis, and later the endocrine pancreas (irreversible) |
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tertiary disorder |
abnormality in stimulation from hypothalamus |
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secondary disorder |
abnormality in stimulation from pituitary |
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primary disorder |
abnormality in target gland |
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Acromegaly |
hypersecretion of GH in adulthood |
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gigantism |
hypersecretion of GH before puberty |
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acute renal failure |
Rapid decline in kidney function (develops over hours/days |
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intrinsic |
damage to structures within the kidney |
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prerenal |
marked decrease in renal blood flow |
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postrenal |
obstruction of urine outflow |
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postrenal |
Which type of ARF would most likely accompany benign prostatic hypertrophy? |
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CKD |
Irreversible deterioration of renal function: permanent loss of nephrons decline in function kidney failure |
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GFR |
best measure of overall function Normal = 120-130 mL/minute GFR varies with age, sex, ethnicity, body size Measured via serum creatinine |
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Urination |
Detrusor muscle contracts Internal sphincter relaxes External sphincter relaxes |
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flaccid bladder |
absent contractions, failure to empty urine |
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dysphagia |
Difficulty swallowing |
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scleroderma |
autoimmune disease – causes fibrous replacement of tissues in the muscularis layer of the GI tract |
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achalasia |
Impaired muscular contraction in lower esophagus Lower esophageal sphincter does not relax |
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esophageal diverticula |
Out pouching of esophageal wall |
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Mallory Weiss Syndrome |
Longitudinal tears in mucosal layer |
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hiatal hernia |
Protrusion of stomach through esophageal hiatus |
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Reflux |
Esophageal damage caused by reflux of stomach acid |
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acute gastritis |
Inflammation of stomach lining Allows digestive acid to irritate stomach |
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chronic gastritis |
Leads to atrophy of gastric epithelium Occurs slowly over time |
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H Pylori |
Bacteria produce enzymes/toxins that inflame & destroy mucosa of stomach |
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Peptic Ulcer Disease |
Ulcers in lining of stomach/duodenum |
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irritable bowel syndrome |
Chronic and recurrent intestinal symptoms not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalitiesIncreased motility & abnormal intestinal contractions |
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inflammatory bowel disease |
Crohn disease Autoimmune disorder Immune response to normal (microbial) flora Involves distal small intestine and proximal colon (can affect any area of the GI tract) Sharp demarcated granulomatous lesions |
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ulcerative colitis |
Autoimmune disorder Chronic inflammation Involves colon & rectum Pinpoint mucosal hemorrhages, ulcerations Pain Persistent diarrhea with blood & mucus |
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infectious entercolitis |
Microbes infect & inflame small intestine or colon |
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diverticulosis |
Pouches in colon wall (diverticula) |
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diverticulitis |
Infection & inflammation of diverticula |
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appendicitis |
Inflamed, swollen, & gangrenous appendix |
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peritonitis |
Infection or irritation of peritoneum |
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Celiac's |
Triggered by gluten-containing grains Inappropriate T-cell-mediated immune response Type IV hypersensitivity |
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glucagon |
hormone released from pancreas when blood sugar is low |
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gluconeogenesis |
glucose synthesis in liver from a non carbohydrate |
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alpha cells |
Produce glucagon In response to low blood glucose |
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beta cells |
Produce insulin Release insulin in response to spike in blood glucose |
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delta cells |
Produce somatostatin |
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PP cells |
Produce Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) Regulates pancreatic secretion Suppresses glucagon and insulin secretion **Decreased by the presence of somatostatin |
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epinephrine |
Inhibits release of insulin Increases glycogenolysis |
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cortisol |
Increases gluconeogenesis |
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insulin |
Which pancreatic hormone decreases blood glucose levels? |
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Type 1 DM |
beta cell destruction Pancreas does not produce insulin Predominantly an autoimmune disorder |
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Type 2 DM |
beta cell dysfunction with insulin resistance Pancreas does not produce enough insulin Cells do not use insulin properly |
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gestational DM |
Hyperglycemia in pregnant woman (without prior DM diagnosis) |
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Beta cells |
Release: C-Peptide- helps prevent nerve and vascular damage from hyperglycemia |
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polyuria |
Excessive urination |
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polydipsia |
increased thirst; because of the excessive urination |
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Fasting Plasma Glucose Test |
Not eating before test |
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Casual Test |
come on whenever to test blood sugar |
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Oral Glucose Tolerance test |
75 mg of oral glucose solution, wait 2 hours x3 and check blood sugar |
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capillary glucose monitoring |
cap test with needle |
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A1C test |
blood test and looks at red blood cells and gives average of blood sugar for the past 3 months (want between 4-9 and below 7) |
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DKA |
Diabetic, high level of ketones(fruity breath), acidosis- most common in type 1 diabetics Nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, thirst, dehydration, acidosis Ketones - byproduct of the breakdowns of fat*** Turn blood acidotic |
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test DKA by |
Do an ABG to diagnose or test blood glucose or serum ketones |