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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bilabial definition and examples
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2 Lips, p, b, m, w
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Nasals
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Oral tract completely closed behind lips or tongue. VP port is open, velum lowered. Occasional oral leakage, still can resonate. M, N, NG (no air though mouth- is through nose)
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Velar Consonants
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K, G, NG(soft palate & tongue)
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Glides
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Articulators make a gradual gliding motion from constrained to open configuration. VP is closed, so sound goes though mouth. W, Y (start in 1 way, end another)
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Suprasegmentals
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Means "above speech". Change intonation, pitch, pausing to make speech interesting.
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IPA Means
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International Phonetic Alphabet. It was created for linguists, but SLP's borrowed to describe speech sounds. Not perfect.
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IPA of X
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KS
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Voice vs Voiceless
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vibration vs no vibration
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Coarticulation
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Changes in the production features of consonants and vowels as they are influenced by surrounding sounds. Brain gets ready for sound before its said. Keep and Coop.
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Consonants
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Some are voiced, some are not dependent on vowels. There is friction in the mouth. Sound is made with constriction/occlusion of oral cavity. (as in "s" when you seal sides of mouth with tongue) acoustically less intense. Voice/less, Placement, Manner
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Vowels
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Always voiced & continuous. Sound without constriction/ occlusion in oral or pharengeal (back of throat) cavity. AKA "o" Serves as syllable nucleous. Acoustically more intense/ sonorant.
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Syllables
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The union of vowels & consonants. (we've practiced CVC excersises) Vowel is nucleous.
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Morpheme
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Smallest unit of meaning (cat=1 morpheme word, cats=2 morphemes) Add syllable. Past tense "go" vs "went" changes morpheme. grammar and syntax of language. stems, suffix, prefix.
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Phoneme
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Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes morphemes.
42-44 in English. |
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Vowelized R
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the R is attached to the vowel, as in Car.
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Anatomy of Communication
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Respiration, Phonation, Resonance, Articulation, Cerebration
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Velopharengial
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The structures and muscles of the soft palate and sourrounding pharengeal walls. Open for M, N, NG. Closed for vowels.
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Physical Articulators
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Mandible (jaw), Tongue (tip, blade, lateral martins, root), lips, teeth/molars, velum-soft palate, hard palate (ALVEOLAR RIDGE)
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Jaw Stability
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occurs around age 6. muscle strengthens. test-put pen in mouth and pen does not move when you talk. if it moves, stability is not good.
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Consonant placement on 3 parts of tongue.
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Tip: T, D, L, N, S, Z
Blade: SH, CH, J, R Back: K, G, NG |
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Sonorant
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sounds made by rel. open vocal tract w resonance. Mostly Vowels. m,n,w,l,r,j,ng
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Monopthongs
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Vowels that remain mostly the same throughout production. U, I, AE as in cat.
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Dipthongs
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Digraph. vowels that go through a change in quality in production. ai, au.
Phonemic-aI, cI, au. Non Phonemic-eI, ou (single syllable dipthong=cake, go) |
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Front, Mid, Back Vowels
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See Chart For Memorization.
i,I,e,ε,æ/ u,Ʊ,o,ͻ,a/ backwards ə, ɚ, ɝ, ˄ |
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p
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voiceless, bilabial, stop, obstruent
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b
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voiced, bilabial, stop, obstruent
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m
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voiced, bilabial, nasal, sonorant
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w
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voiced, bilabial, glide, sonorant
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f
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voiceless, labiodental, fricative, obstruent
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v
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voiced, labiodental, fricative, obstruent
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θ
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(th) voiceless, linguadental, fricative, obstruent
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ð
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(th at end, as in mother) voiced, linguadental, fricative, obstruent
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t
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voiceless, lingua-alveolar, stop, obstruent
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d
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voiced, lingua-alveolar, stop, obstruent
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s
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voiceless, lingua-alveolar, fricative, obstruent
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z
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voiced, lingua-alveolar, fricative, obstruent
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n
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voiced, lingua-alveolar, nasal, sonorant
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l
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voiced, lingua-alveolar, lateral liquid sonorant
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ʃ
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(sh) voiceless, lingua-palatal, fricative, obstruent
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Ʒ
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(zh)voiced, lingua-plalatal, fricative, obstruent
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ʧ
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(ch)voiceless, lingua-palatal, africate, obstruent
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ʤ
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(soft j)voiced, lingua-palatal, africate, obstruent
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r
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voiced, lingua-palatal, liquid-rhotic, sonorant
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j
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(=y) voiced, lingua-palatal, glide, sonorant
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k
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voiceless, velar, stop, obstruent
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g
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voiced, velar, stop, obstruent
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ŋ
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(ng) voiced, velar, nasal, sonorant
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h
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voiceless, glottal, fricative, obstruent (no sound, control air flow in mouth, high frequency)
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Clinical phonetic transcription
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gives description about individuals speech sound production and perceptual discriminations help evaluate differences from norm. (informational vs perceptual) Represent the client's sound
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Phonetic system scoring, articulation test
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Two way-right vs wrong
Five way: Correct- Deletion/omission-duck=uck Substitution-duck=guck Distortion-frog=furog Addition-frog=frog-uh |
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Transcription symbols
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/ / are hypothetical, [ ] are actually spoken.
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phonetic levels of complexity
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isolation, words, phrases/ sentences, continuous conversation
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Placement of Consonants
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prevocalic-before vowel
intervocalic-between two vowels postvocalic-after vowel Initial, Medial, Final (part of word) Open syllable-vowel open at end Closed syllable-vowel closed at send. aka law vs seep |
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Speech Community
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share common language/syntax, ethnic, work area, sex, adult/child
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Dialects/Regional dialects vs Idiolects
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formalizes a community. Mutually intelligible form of language. different pronunciation or vocabulary. Not a disorder. Idiolects-characteristic of person speech "yadda, yadda, yadda"
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Grapheme
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letter of alphabet. phoneme grapheme relationships: Teacher: "b" says "buh"
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Allophone
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Variation in phoneme realization that do not change the meaning of a word. (aka pie & pot vs. spy & spot) Free variation=2 allophones that can be exchanged for one another. (mop vs mop(h)-released and unreleased)
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Phonology of Articulation
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Study and production of speech sounds. Disorder is inability to produce or percieve speech sounds.
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Phonology
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Speech sounds and the rules that govern their use. ex=holding the "p" sound. rule is to spit it out. Disorder is the inability to manipulate phonemes and their patterns.
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Inspiration vs Expiration in sounds
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Inspiration is ingressive sounds
Expiration is egressive sounds |
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Physical Resonance Parts
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Velum, Pharyngeal walls. uvula, epiglottis, nasal passages
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Phonation
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Larynx (voice box) sits on top of wind pipe and the air vibrates the vocal folds. Open at rest. Made of cartilage. Can break and doesn't heal well.
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Allograph
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variation in spellings for a phoneme (aka I sound. Meet, Mean, Pity)
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Descriptors of Vowel Placement
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High vs low, front/mid/back, tense vs lax, rounded vs unrounded (lips)
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Stops
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Plosive, sound stops, oral cavity closed and air bursts, close / open movement is fast. Velopharynx is closed (velum raised) b,p,t,d,k,g
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Fricatives
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Articulators form narrow constriction in which airflow is channeled. Pressure builds, air passes though constriction and turbulant noise is generated. velpharnyx closed. F,V,S,Z,"th", "sh", "zh"
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Liquids
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Sound energy is directed through oral cavity and can be held for sustained production. VP almost always closed. L,r
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Affricates
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Combination of a stop and fricative.
Oral cavity is completely closed at some point for an interval. release of closure=audible burst of air. air passes though a narrow constriction, turbulant noise. VP is closed. |
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Physical Placement of Consonants
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Bilabial (B), Labiodental (F), Interdental (th), Alveolar (T), Palatal (R), Velar (K), Glottal (H)
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Cognates
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Consonant pairs that share the same place and manner, but differ in voicing feature (voiced / voiceless)
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Most Frequent Consonant Place of Articulation
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Alveolar Ridge, then bilabial, velar, palatal, labiodental, linguidental, and glottal
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Worldly Consonants
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trills (pulmonic-egressive air stream) or clicks (nonpulmonic voiced plosive) are from other places.
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Complimentary distrubution
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2 allophones of phoneme that cannot normally replace eachother-mutually exlcusive contexts. (spin vs p(h)in)/lip vs slip, the dark vs light L)
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