Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What experience is similar to losing proprioception?
|
walking on a leg that has fallen asleep
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a ballistic movement?
|
a reflexive knee movement
|
|
Compared to a long distance runner, a world class sprinter probably has more of which kind of fibers in her legs?
|
fast-twitch
|
|
After motor neurons fire a few times in quick succession, subsequent action potentials release:
|
less acetylcholine
|
|
What are the differences among the three types of skeletal muscle found in fish (red, pink, and white)?
|
both speed of contraction and susceptibility to fatigue
|
|
What condition is improved by increasing the presence of acetylcholine in the synapse?
|
myesthenia gravis
|
|
Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called:
|
antagonistic muscles
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?
|
flapping its wing if suddenly dropped
|
|
A tap on the knee just below the kneecap will elicit extension of the knee. This reflex indicates that:
|
muscle spindles have been streched
|
|
You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:
|
they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron
|
|
Which of the following behaviors would most likely result from activity of central pattern generators?
|
a dog shaking itself off to dry
|
|
What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures?
|
the fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly
|
|
Closing your eyes and sneezing in response to suddenly seeing a bright light is an example of:
|
an allied reflex
|
|
A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by:
|
recruiting different muscle fibers
|
|
A Golgi tendon organ responds to:
|
increases in muscle tension
|
|
What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?
|
smooth
|
|
Slow and continuous stretching exercises could relax a muscle by:
|
stretching the golgi tendon organs
|
|
Cardiac muscles have properties:
|
intermediate, between those of smooth and skeletal
|
|
What is the stimulus for the rooting reflex?
|
touching the cheek near the mouth
|
|
Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm?
|
an extensor muscle in the right arm
|
|
A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of:
|
proprioception
|
|
A motor program is a:
|
a fixed sequence of motions that, once triggered, will continue until completion
|
|
Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?
|
muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
|
|
A proprioceptor is:
|
sensitive to the position and movement of a part of a body
|
|
Symptoms of myasthenia gravis include:
|
weakness and rapid fatigue of skeletal movements
|
|
Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles.
|
acetylcholine
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?
|
yawning
|
|
Compared to the average weekend jogger, a world class marathon runner probably has a higher percentage of which kind of fibers in his legs?
|
slow-twitch
|
|
When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to:
|
always contract
|
|
The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to:
|
prevent extreme muscle contractions
|
|
What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?
|
cardiac
|
|
Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is:
|
anaerobic
|
|
A muscle spindle responds to the:
|
stretch of the muscle
|
|
A ballistic movement:
|
proceeds immediately after it has been triggered
|
|
What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?
|
the fewer muscles a single axon innervates the more precise the movements
|
|
If a neurologist tests an adult patient for infant reflexes, the neurologist is probably trying to determine whether the person has suffered damage to the:
|
cerebral cortex
|
|
What is the stimulus for the Babinski reflex?
|
stroking the sole of the foot
|
|
The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the:
|
eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons
|
|
Myasthenia gravis is caused by:
|
damage to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions
|
|
Early in the course of aerobic exercises such as dancing, glucose is used by the muscles. As exercise continues,:
|
muscles decrease their use of glucose
|
|
What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?
|
striated
|
|
If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?
|
it could chase prey over short distances
|
|
The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to?
|
relax
|
|
A contraction of equal force in antagonist muscles of the arm would result in ____ of the arm.
|
no movement
|
|
Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect:
|
slow-twitch muscles
|
|
A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the:
|
muscle spindles
|
|
Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
|
fast-twitch muscles
|
|
Central pattern generators:
|
contribute to rythmic patterns of movement
|
|
Infants have several reflexes like the ____ and the ____, that are not seen in healthy adults.
|
rooting reflex; Babinski reflex
|
|
What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?
|
neuromuscular junction
|
|
The premotor cortex:
|
is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
|
|
Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.
|
supplementary motor cortex
|
|
Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the:
|
corticospinal tracts
|
|
Most of the axons of the ventromedial tract go to which side of the body?
|
bilateral
|
|
Damage to one side of the dorsolateral tract below the level of the medulla would most likely affect:
|
fine motor control of the same side of the body
|
|
After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?
|
the initial rapid movement to the nose
|
|
People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements
|
feelings of intention
|
|
Longer stimulation (1/2 sec) of the arm region of a monkey's motor cortex results in:
|
a fixed outcome using different muscle movements depending on the initial position of the arm
|
|
The part of the cortex which responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the
|
prefrontal cortex
|
|
People with posterior parietal damage:
|
have trouble converting sensation into action
|
|
People with posterior parietal damage:
|
will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it.
|
|
In a study, functional MRI measured cerebellar activity. It was found that the cerebellum was quite active when individuals:
|
felt objects with both hands to determine if they were the same
|
|
Which of the following would most likely happen with damage to the prefrontal cortex?
|
poorly planned movements
|
|
The prefrontal cortex:
|
responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement
|
|
Purkinje cells are
|
flat cells in sequential planes
|
|
Inaccurate saccades indicate damage to the:
|
cerebellum
|
|
Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?
|
ventromedial tract
|
|
What is the relationship between the dorsolateral tract and the ventromedial tract?
|
most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion
|
|
Purkinje cells receive most of their input from:
|
parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex
|
|
The dorsolateral tract cross over point is in the:
|
pyramids of the medulla
|
|
The posterior parietal cortex
|
keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
|
|
In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to the visual ventral stream but sparing the primary visual cortex:
|
cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it.
|
|
Which basal ganglia structure(s) is(are) important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex?
|
caudate nucleus and putamen
|
|
The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:
|
basal ganglia
|
|
The supplementary motor cortex becomes active
|
during the second or two prior to movement
|
|
Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which of the following motor areas?
|
supplementary cortex
|
|
Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.
|
mirror
|
|
Children with ____ were found to have less activity in the brain areas believed to contain mirror neurons
|
autism
|
|
In an important study on voluntary movement, people made a voluntary movement and later reported the exact time when they became aware of the conscious decision to move. The order of events, in time, was:
|
activity in premotor cortex, then conscious decision, then movement
|
|
The tract that includes many axons from the primary motor cortex, the reticular formation, and the vestibular nucleus is the:
|
ventromedial tract
|
|
With experience, the motor skills required to drive a car become more automatic over time mostly because of changes in the:
|
basal ganglia
|
|
The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in
|
holding a finger in a steady position
|
|
Dorsolateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the:
|
arms, hands, and toes
|
|
Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?
|
cerebellum
|
|
The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of:
|
intoxication
|
|
A quick typist would rely heavily on the ____ cortex to organize smooth sequences of finger movements.
|
supplementary
|
|
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a ____ before any voluntary movement.
|
readiness potential
|
|
Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in
|
muscle twitching
|
|
Axons of the dorsolateral tract extend to what area?
|
spinal cord
|
|
What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another?
|
saccade
|
|
Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?
|
Perjinke cells
|
|
Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.
|
timing; voluntary movement
|
|
Patients with damage to the cerebellum are impaired at ____ movements, but relatively normal in making ____ movements.
|
imagining; continuous
|
|
the greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the:
|
greater the collective duration of the response.
|
|
The basal ganglia work together to initiate movement by:
|
ceasing to inhibit movement
|
|
In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex:
|
sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord.
|
|
If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the:
|
cerebellum
|
|
The cerebellum appears to be critical for:
|
certain aspects of attention
|
|
Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases?
|
GABA
|
|
Most of the axons of the dorsolateral tract go to which side of the body?
|
contralateral
|
|
Cigarette smoking and coffee drinking ____ the risk of Parkinson’s disease, and marijuana ____ the risk.
|
decrease; increases
|
|
What is especially limited in a patient with Huntington's disease?
|
the ability to learn and improve new movements
|
|
Which of the following is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease?
|
it does not prevent continued loss of dopamine neurons
|
|
What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?
|
twitching, trembling and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
|
|
A loss of dopamine activity leads to ____ stimulation of the motor cortex and ____ onset of movements.
|
less; slower
|
|
What is the effect of MPTP?
|
it kills the neurons that release dopamine
|
|
L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that:
|
increases the brain's production of dopamine
|
|
What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease?
|
30-50yrs
|
|
Although Parkinson's disease is usually limited to old people, it has occurred in a small number of young people that:
|
used a designer drug
|
|
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease emerge only after the number of neurons in the substantia nigra decreases to what level?
|
less than 20% of the original total
|
|
The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also:
|
the approximate age of onset
|
|
Immature cells that are capable of developing into a variety of cells are known as:
|
stem cells
|
|
It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is:
|
a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease.
|
|
Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter?
|
dopamine
|
|
Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include:
|
jerky arm movements and body tremors
|
|
What characteristic of L-dopa makes it an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease?
|
L-dopa can cross the blood brain barrier
|
|
In its normal form, part of the gene which controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases:
|
between approximately 11-24 times
|
|
L-dopa is most effective:
|
in the early and intermediate stages of parkinson's disease
|
|
Having an identical twin with Parkinson's disease greatly increases the other twin's likelihood of also getting Parkinson's disease if the:
|
first twin had early-onset Parkinson's disease.
|
|
What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?
|
L-dopa
|
|
Which of the following is TRUE of Huntington's disease?
|
the earlier the onset the more rapid the deterioration
|
|
What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease?
|
it is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4
|
|
Which of the following can be used as a presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease?
|
examination of chromosome 4
|
|
The gene for Huntington's disease codes for a protein called
|
huntingin
|
|
Many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease apparently relate to:
|
loss of arousal in the cortex
|
|
As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be:
|
modestly effective, as with other treatments
|
|
Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?
|
the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true of Huntington's disease?
|
it is generally treated with L-dopa
|
|
Parkinson's disease patients, who usually have trouble walking, can walk surprisingly well when they:
|
are following a parade
|
|
If Parkinson's disease were caused primarily by exposure to herbicides and pesticides, we should expect to find:
|
near epidemics in some geographical regions
|
|
One thing that many different causes of Parkinson’s disease share in common is that they:
|
cause damage to the mitochondria
|
|
What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
|
Difficulty initiating movements
|
|
Which of the following is NOT common in people with Parkinson's disease?
|
outbursts of emotions
|
|
One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:
|
prevent the release of BDNF
|
|
Transplanting brain tissue into Parkinson's patients would most likely be successful if:
|
the transplant was accompanied by neurotrophins.
|
|
The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is the:
|
gradual, progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra.
|
|
The reason why a dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease is that:
|
dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier
|
|
The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following?
|
schizophrenia
|
|
In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
|
substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
|
|
Most Parkinson's patients suffer depression:
|
as one of the symptoms of the disease
|