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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning |
Experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
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Classical conditioning |
When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; first studied by Ivan Pavlov |
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Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
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Unconditioned response (UR) |
A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
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Conditioned response (CR) |
A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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Acquisition |
The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
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Extinction |
The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
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Spontaneous recovery |
The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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Generalization |
A process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
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Biological preparedness |
A propensity for learned particular kinds of associations over others |
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Operant conditioning |
A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
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Law of effect |
The principle that behaviors that are followed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'unpleasant state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated |
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Operant behavior |
Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment; coined by B.F. Skinner |
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Reinforcer |
Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective than punishment in promoting learning |
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Punisher |
Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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Primary reinforcers |
Reinforcers that satisfy biological needs; not learned/innate |
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Secondary reinforcers |
Reinforcers that are associated with primary reinforcers; learned by association |
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Overjustification effect |
Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior |
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Fixed interval schedule |
Reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided the appropriate response is made |
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Variable interval schedule |
Behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
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Fixed ratio schedule |
Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
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Variable ratio schedule |
The delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
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Intermittent reinforcement |
When only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement; produce slightly higher rates of responding and are more resistant to extinction |
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Shaping |
Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
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Superstitions |
Rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they are accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships |
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Latent learning |
A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
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Cognitive map |
A mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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Dopaminergic |
Neurons involved in the 'reward center' |
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Observational learning |
A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Diffusion chain |
A process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior |
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Implicit learning |
Learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition |
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Habituation |
A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response |
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Imprinting |
The rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver soon after birth |