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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Experiment |
A method in which the investigator manipulates one (independent)variable under carefully controlled conditions, and observes whether any changes occur in a second (dependent) variable as a result.
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Independent Variable |
A condition or event that the experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable |
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Dependent Variable |
The variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable. |
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Experimental Group |
Consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
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Control Group |
Consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. |
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Correlations |
When two variables are related to each other. |
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Case Study |
In-depth investigation of an individual participant |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects. |
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Surveys |
Structured questionnaires designed to solicit information about specific aspects of participants’ behavior. |
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Roots of Happiness |
Money - positively correlated (up to 75K)
Age - unrelated Gender - pretty unrelated Parenthood - basically unrelated Intelligence - unrelated Health - moderately correlated Social Activity - positively correlated Religion - modest relation Marital Status - positively correlated |
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Personality |
An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits |
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The Big Five |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
Personality is somewhat controversial and based on three main assumptions:
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Personality's 3 Structures (accord to Freud) |
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Layers of Consciousness (Awareness) |
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Pictorial Representation of Awareness |
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Defense Mechanisms |
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Repression |
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
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Projection |
Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person. |
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Displacement |
Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. |
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Reaction formation |
Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings |
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Regression |
Involves a reversion to immature patterns of behavior |
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Rationalization |
The creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unjustifiable behavior |
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Identification |
Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group |
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Jung |
Also focused on the unconscious, which is comprised of two layers:
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First to describe introverted and extroverted. |
Jung |
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Behavioralism |
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychologyshould study observable behavior. |
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Classical Conditioning |
Think Pavlov w/ a neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response and then a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response |
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Operant Conditioning |
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by theirconsequencesbody. Includes reinforcers and punishers. |
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Positive Reinforcement |
Occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by pleasant stimulus. |
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Negative Reinforcement |
Occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. |
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Punishment |
Occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) b/c it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus. |
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Humanism |
A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans,especially their free will and their potential for personal growth. |
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Humanism's 3 Main Ideas |
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Roger's Person-Centered Theory |
Personality contains only one construct, the self-concept and if it matches our actual experiences, our self-concept is congruent with reality. If our ideas about ourselves do not match reality, this disparity is called incongruence, which undermines our well-being. |
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Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization |
Human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs Humans have an innate drive toward personal growth and the greatest need is the need for self-actualization –the fulfillment of one’s potential. |
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Heritability Ratio |
An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance. |
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Sensation-seeking |
A generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation |
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Narcissism |
A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, as sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others. |
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Stress |
Any circumstance that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and tax one's coping abilities. |
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Appraisal (Stress) |
Stress is subjective so. . . differences depend on appraisal. Primary Appraisal - initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings. Secondary Appraisal - if viewed as stressful, then we make a secondary appraisal, or an evaluation of our ability to cope. |
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Primary Appraisal |
Initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings. |
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Secondary Appraisal |
If viewed as stressful, then we make a secondary appraisal or an evaluation of our ability to cope. |
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3 Basic Stress Categories |
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3 Types of Internal Conflicts |
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Approach - approach |
Mustmake a choice between two attractive goals. |
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Avoidance - avoidance |
Mustmake a choice between two unattractive goals. |
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Approach - avoidance |
Must choose whether or not to pursue ONE goal, which has both pros and cons. |
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3 Stress Response Levels |
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Emotional Responses |
Usually negative and fall into 3 categories 1.Annoyance, anger, and rage 2.Apprehension, anxiety, and fear 3.Dejection, sadness, and grief |
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Physiological Responses |
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2 Divisions of ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) |
**Unfortunately the flight-fight response is not well suited for modern threats. |
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
Hans Seyle's model of body's stress response. 3 Stages
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Alarm Phase |
Initial response to threat, fight-or-flight response engages. |
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Resistance Phase |
If threat continues, physiological changes stabilize, coping begins. |
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Exhaustion Phase |
Ifthe threat continues too long, the body’s resources are depleted, leading tophysical exhaustion and illness. |
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Behavioral Responses |
Usually refer to coping mechanisms which can be healthy or unhealthy |
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Burnout |
A syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a loweredsense of self-efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress. |
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PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
Involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event. Symptoms include: trauma via flashbacks and nightmares, emotional numbing, alienation, social relation problems, elevated arousal, guilt, and anxiety. ** A key predictor is intensity of reaction at time of event.** |
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Psychosomatic Diseases |
Genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors. Common diseases include: high blood pressure, peptic ulcers, asthma, eczema and hives, migraine and tension headaches. |
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Coping |
Efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress. |
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Coping Ways |
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Constructive Coping |
Deal w/ stressful events that are judged to be relatively helpful. Involves: confronting problems directly, effort, realistic appraisals of stress & coping resources, learning to recognize & manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress |
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3 Main Constructive Coping Strategies |
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Appraisal Focused Coping Strategy |
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Problem Focused Coping Strategy |
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Emotion Focused Coping Strategy |
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Appraisal Focused Constructive Coping Ellis's A-B-C Model |
A - Activating Event B - Belief System C - Consequence |