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83 Cards in this Set
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psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 6)
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What event is considered the founding of scientific psychology?
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Psychological science had its modern beginning with the first psychological laboratory, founded in 1879 by German philosopher and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, and from the later work of other scholars from several disciplines and many countries.
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psychiatrist
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a person trained in the branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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psychologists
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administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic research (often done by biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists), applied research (sometimes conducted by industrial/organizational psychologists) and clinical science and applications (the work of counseling psychologists and clinical psychologists.
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social worker
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look up
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counselor
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look up
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What are psychology's current perspectives?
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neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural
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neuroscience
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
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evolutionary
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes.
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behavior genetics
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
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psychodynamic
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
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behavioral
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how we learn observable responses.
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cognitive
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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social-cultural
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a current psychological perspective that focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
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What are the three levels of psychological analysis?
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biological, psychological, and social. (biopsychosocial approach)
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biological influences on behavior or mental process
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*natural selection of adaptive traits
*genetic predispositions responding to environment *brain mechanisms *hormonal influences |
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psychological influences on behavior or mental process
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*learned fears and other learned expectations
*emotional responses *cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations |
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social-cultural influences on behavior or mental process
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*presence of others
*cultural, societal, and family expectations *peer and other group influences *compelling models (such as in the media) |
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mode
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measure of central tendency - the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 34)
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median
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measure of central tendency - the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 34)
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mean
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measure of central tendency - the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 34)
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dependent variable
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the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 32)
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independent variable
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 32)
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correlation
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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 25)
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correlation coefficient
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a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1). The closer to either +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 25)
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negative correlation
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two sets of scores relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down. (toothbrushing and decay correlate negatively)
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positive correlation
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two sets of scores that tend to rise or fall together. (height and weight)
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case study
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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Case studies can't be generalized. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 22)
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survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 23)
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naturalistic observations
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 24)
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random sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 24)
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placebo effect
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placebo [Latin for "I shall please"] effect - experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 31)
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parts of the nervous system
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*Nervous System*
I I *Peripheral* *Central* I (brain/spinal cord) I *Autonomic* *Somatic* (controls self-reg- (controls voluntary ulated action of movements of the internal organs & skeletal muscles) glands) I I *Sympathetic* *Parasympathetic* (arousing) (calming) |
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frontal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)
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parietal [puh-RYE-uh-tuhl] lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)
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temporal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)
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occipital [ahk-SIP-uh-tuhl] lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 68)
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consciousness
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our awareness of ourselves and our environment. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 86)
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dual processing
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the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 87)
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cell body
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the cell's life support center
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dendrites
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the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
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axon
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the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
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What is the "dual processing" being revealed by today's cognitive neuroscience?
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Cognitive neuroscientists and others studying the brain mechanisms underlying consciousness and cognition have discovered a two-track human mind, each with its own neural processing. This dual processing affects our perception, memory, and attitudes at an explicit, conscious level and at an implicit, unconscious level.
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What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?
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We cycle through five sleep stages in about 90 minutes. Leaving the alpha waves of the awake, relaxed stage, we descend into transitional Stage 1 sleep, often with the sensation of falling or floating. Stage 2 sleep (in which we spend the most time) follows about 20 minutes later, with its characteristic sleep spindles. Then follow Stages 3 & 4, together lasting about 30 minutes, with large, slow delta waves. Reversing course, we retrace our path, but with one difference: About an hour after falling asleep, we begin periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Most dreaming occurs in this fifth stage (also known as paradoxical sleep) of internal arousal but outward paralysis. During a normal night's sleep, periods of Stages 3 & 4 sleep shorten and REM sleep lengthens.
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REM sleep
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*rapid eye movement
*vivid dreams commonly occur *paradoxical sleep - because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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stage 1 sleep
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*light sleep
*can be considered the transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep *lasts 5-10 minutes *the brain produces high amplitude theta waves (irregular brain waves) |
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stage 2 sleep
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*brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity (sleep spindles)
*lasts approximately 20 minutes *body temperature starts to decrease/heart rate begins to slow |
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stage 3 sleep
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*start of deep, slow brain waves (delta waves)
*transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep |
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stage 4 sleep
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*deepest sleep; slow delta waves
*lasts approx 30 minutes |
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insomnia
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sleep disorder characterized by recurring wakefulness (chronic)
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narcolepsy
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sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable sleepiness or lapsing into REM sleep
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sleep apnea
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sleep disorder characterized by the stopping of breathing while asleep; gasping and loud snoring
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night terrors
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high arousal and the appearance of being terrified
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sleepwalking and sleeptalking
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considered sleep disorders; children are most prone to these disorders (along with night terrors)
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What are the 3 major categories of psychoactive drugs?
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depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens
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depressants
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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 114)
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examples of depressants
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*alcohol
*barbiturates (Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal) *opiates (morphine and heroin) |
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barbiturates
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a depressant (tranquilizer); drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement (Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal - sometimes prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety)
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opiates
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a depressant; opium and its derivatives; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety (opium, morphine, heroin) ; highly addictive
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stimulants
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 117)
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examples of stimulants
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*caffeine
*nicotine *amphetamines *cocaine *Ecstasy *methamphetamine (speed) |
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methamphetamine
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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 117)
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amphetamines
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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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hallucinogens
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psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 121)
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examples of hallucinogens
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*LSD
*Ecstasy (MDMA) *marijuana |
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What is the difference between dependence and addiction?
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an addiction is a compulsive drug craving and use done despite of negative consequences; a dependence is a physical or psychological need
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gender roles
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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 164)
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gender identity
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our sense of being male or female; does not necessarily line up with our sex
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natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology 9e pp. 8, 143)
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biological influences of parents
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*personality (the environment shared by a family's children has virtually no discernible impact on their personalities)
*abilities *interest |
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environmental influences of parents
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* attitudes
*values *manners *faith *politics |
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schema
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 180)
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critical period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 189)
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social clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 217)
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temperament
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 139)
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What are the benefits of infant touch and massage?
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brain development, weight gain
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What are infant reflexes?
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automatic responses ideally suited for infant survival (rooting, withdrawing limbs to escape pain, turning head from side to side in order to remove a cloth from face)
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions and mental retardation (Myers Psychology 9e p. 175)
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What are the 4 parenting styles?
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*authoritarian
*permissive *authoritative *neglectful |
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authoritarian parenting
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*high behavioral standards
*strict punishment of misbehavior *little communication |
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permissive parenting
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*high nurturance & communication
*little discipline, guidance, or control |
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authoritative parenting
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*setting limits but listens
*flexible |
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neglectful/uninvolved parenting
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*indifference
*unaware of what happens in child's life |