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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes.
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Biological Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other psysiological mechanisms produce behavior and mental processes.
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Cognitive Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how mental processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, work and impact behavior.
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Behaviroal Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how external environmental events condition observable behavior.
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Sociocultural Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how other people and the cultural context impact on behavior and mental processes.
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Hindsight Bias
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-"I knew it all along phenomenon"
-The tendency, after learning about an outcome, to be overconfident in one's ability to have predicted it. |
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Descriptive Methods
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Research methods whose main purpose is to provide objective and detailed descriptions of behavior and mental processes.
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Naturalistic Observation
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A descriptive research method in which the behavior of interest is observed in the natural setting, and the researcher does not intervene in the behavior being observed.
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Participant Observation
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A descriptive research method in which the observer becomes part of the group being observed.
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Case Study
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A descriptive research method in which the researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time.
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Survey Research
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A descriptive research method in which the researcher uses questionares and interviews to collect information about the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of particular groups of people.
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Population
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The entire group of people that a researcher is studying.
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Sample
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The subset of a population that actually participates in a research study.
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Random Sampling
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A sampling technique that obtains a represenative sample of a population by ensuring that each individual in a population has an equal opprotunity to be in the sample.
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Correlational Study
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A research study in which two variables are measured to determine if they are related (how well either one predicts the other)
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Psychology
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The science of behavior and mental processes.
|
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Biological Perspective
|
A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other psysiological mechanisms produce behavior and mental processes.
|
|
Cognitive Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how mental processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, work and impact behavior.
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Behaviroal Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how external environmental events condition observable behavior.
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Sociocultural Perspective
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A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how other people and the cultural context impact on behavior and mental processes.
|
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Hindsight Bias
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-"I knew it all along phenomenon"
-The tendency, after learning about an outcome, to be overconfident in one's ability to have predicted it. |
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Descriptive Methods
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Research methods whose main purpose is to provide objective and detailed descriptions of behavior and mental processes.
|
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Naturalistic Observation
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A descriptive research method in which the behavior of interest is observed in the natural setting, and the researcher does not intervene in the behavior being observed.
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Participant Observation
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A descriptive research method in which the observer becomes part of the group being observed.
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Case Study
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A descriptive research method in which the researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time.
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Survey Research
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A descriptive research method in which the researcher uses questionares and interviews to collect information about the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of particular groups of people.
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Population
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The entire group of people that a researcher is studying.
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Sample
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The subset of a population that actually participates in a research study.
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Random Sampling
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A sampling technique that obtains a represenative sample of a population by ensuring that each individual in a population has an equal opprotunity to be in the sample.
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Correlational Study
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A research study in which two variables are measured to determine if they are related (how well either one predicts the other).
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Variable
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Any factor that can take on more than one value.
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Correlation coeffifcient
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A statistic that tells us the type and the strength of the relationship between two variables. The sign of the coefficient (= or -) positive or negative, respectively. The absolute value of the coefficient (0.0 to 1.0) represents the strength of the correlation, with 1.0 being the maximum strength.
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Positive correlation
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A direct relationship between two variables.
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Negative correlation
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An inverse relationship between two variables.
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Scatterplot
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A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant/
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Third-variable problem
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A explanation of a correlation between two variables in terms of another (third) variable that could possibly be responsible for the observed relationship between the two variables.
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Random assignment
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A control measure in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize participant characteristics across the various groups in an experiment.
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Independent variable
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In an experiment, the variable that is a hypothesized cause and thus is manipulated by the experimenter.
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Dependent variable
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In an experiment, a variable that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable and thus is measured by the experimenter.
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Experiment
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A research method in which the researcher manipulates one or more independent variables and measures their effect on one or more dependent variables while controlling other potentially relevant variables.
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Experimental group
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In an experiment, the group exposed to the independent variable.
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Control group
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In an experiment, the group not exposed to the independent variable.
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Operational definition
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A description of the operations or procedures that a researcher uses to manipulate or measure a variable.
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Placebo effect
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Improvement due to the expectation of improving because of recieveing treatment.
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Placebo group
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A control group of participants who believe that are recieving treatment, but who are only recieving a placebo.
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Placebo
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An inactive pill or treatment that has no known affects.
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Inferential Statistical Analyses
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Statistical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions about the results of a study by determining the probability the results are due to random variation (chance). The results are statistically significant if this probability is .05 or less.
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Double-blind procedure
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A control measure in an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants actually recieve treatment and which recieve a placebo.
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Descriptive statistics
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Statistics that describe the results of a research study in a concise fashion.
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Frequency distribution
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A depiction, in a table or figure, of the number of participants (frequency) recieving each score for a variable.
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Mean
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The numerical average of a distribution of scores.
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Median
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The score positioned in the middle of a distribution of scores when all of the scores are arranged from lowest to highest.
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Mode
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The most frequently occuring score in a distribution of scores.
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Range
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The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution of scores.
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Standard deviation
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The average extent that the scores vary from the mean for a distribution of scores.
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Normal distribution
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A frequency distribution that is shaped like a ball. About 68% of thes scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% within 2 standard deviations, and over 99 percent within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
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Percentile rank
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The percentage of scores below a specific score in a distribution of scores.
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Right-skewed distribution
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An symetric frequency distribution in which there are some unusually high scores that distort the mean to be greater than the median.
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Left-skewed distribution
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An asymetric frequency distribution in which there are some unusually low scores that distort the mean to be less than the median.
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