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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
applied psychologist
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psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world
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human factors psychologists
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play a key role in designing and engineering new products
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research psychologist
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psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
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empiricism
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the idea that knowledge comes directly from experience
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tabula rasa
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blank tablet
"aristotle" |
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behaviorism
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a school of psychology proposing that only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experiment
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nativism
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the idea that some knowledge is innate, or present at birth
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Wilhelm Wundt
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established the first psychological laboratory in 1879, at the university of Leipzig--founder/father of modern psychology
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Nature vs. Nurture
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all psychological characteristics such as intelligence, emotion, and personality are influenced by genetic factor. At the same time, genes never act alone; they always act in concert with experience
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fuctionalism
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an early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose
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structuralism
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an early school of psychology; structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound
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scientific method
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a multistep technique that generates empirical knowledge-that is, knowledge derived from systematic observations
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descriptive research
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methods designed to observe & describe a behavior
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case study
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a descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual
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random sampling
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a procedure guaranteeing that everyone in the population has an equal likelihood of being selected for the sample
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aptitude test
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designed to measure the potential for success in a given profession or area of study
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mean
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the arithmetic average of a set of scores
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median
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most frequently occuring
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mode
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middle point
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standard deviation
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an indication of how much individual scores differ or vary from the mean
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range
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the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution
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correlational research
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to determine whether a relationship exists between 2 measures of behavior, the one recorded and the one expected
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correlation
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a statistic that indicates whether 2 variables vary together in a systematic way; correlation coefficients vary from +1.00 to -1.00
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experimental research
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a technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior
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external validity
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the extent to which results generalize to other situations or are representative of real life
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debriefing
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at the conclusion of an experimental session, informing the participants about the general purpose of the experiment, including any deception that was involved
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hypothesis
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a predicition about the characteristics of the behavior under study
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participant observation
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the observer attempts to become a part of the activities being studied
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indirect naturalistic observation
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a way to measure behavior indirectly by looking at the results of the behavior, rather than the behavior itself
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independent variable
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the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. It must consist of at least 2 conditions
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experimental group
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independent variable
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control group
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doesn't change
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internal validity
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the extent to which an experiment has effectively controlled fro confounding variables; internally valid experiments allow for the determination of causality
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confounding variable
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an uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable
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placebo
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an inactive, or inert substance that resembles an experimental placebo
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double-blind study
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neither participants nor research observers are aware of who has been assigned to the experimental and control groups; it's used to control for both subject and experimenter expectancies
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informed consent
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the principle that before consenting to participate in research, people should be fully informed about any significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate
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confidentiality
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the principle that personal information obtained from a participant in research or therapy should not be revealed without the individuals permission
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