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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The incorporation doctrine involves
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application of the Bill of Rights to the states
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Thomas Jefferson argued that the First Amendment created a ʺwall of separationʺ between
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church and state.
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The significance of Gitlow v. New York (1925) was that
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a provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states for the first time
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In Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court established that aid to church-related schools must
do all of the following EXCEPT |
have a secular purpose.
not advance religion. not create excessive government entanglement with religion. treat all religions equally |
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The abridgment of citizensʹ freedom to worship, or not to worship, as they please is prohibited
by the |
free exercise clause.
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In dealing with First Amendment cases involving religion, the Supreme Court has ruled that
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while all religious beliefs are constitutionally protected, all religious practices are not.
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The Supreme Court has ruled that government aid to church-related schools
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is permitted when the aid is for a non-religious purpose
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________ refers to a governmentʹs censorship of material before it is published.
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Prior restraint
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The Supreme Court has permitted prior restraint of which of the following?
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high school newspapers
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In the case of New York Times v. United States in 1971, the Supreme Court ruled
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against prior restraint in the case of the Pentagon Papers, which allowed them to be
published. |
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The publication of statements known to be false that are malicious and tend to damage a
personʹs reputation is called |
libel.
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Wearing an arm band and burning a United States flag are examples of ________: actions that
do not consist of speaking or writing but that express an opinion |
symbolic speech
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Unreasonable searches and seizures are specifically forbidden in the
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Fourth Amendment.
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To prevent abuse of police power, the Constitution requires that no court may issue ________
unless probable cause exists to believe that a crime has occurred or is about to occur |
a search warrant
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Unless they witness a crime, police officers cannot arrest a suspect without
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probable cause.
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In the case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that the protection against unreasonable
search and seizure applied to the state and local governments, as well as the national government, thus nationalizing the exclusionary rule. |
Mapp v. Ohio
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Ever since 1914, the courts have used ________ to prevent illegally seized evidence from being
introduced into the courtroom |
an exclusionary rule
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The Fifth Amendment forbids
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forced self-incrimination
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In the case of Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court ruled that
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police must inform any suspect of a series of rights, including the constitutional right to
remain silent. |
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In the 1963 case of ________, the Supreme Court ruled that defendants in all felony cases had a
right to counsel, and if they could not afford to hire a lawyer, one must be provided. |
Gideon v. Wainwright
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The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution
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) forbids cruel and unusual punishment.
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In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that in the third trimester of pregnancy
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states can ban abortion except when the motherʹs health is in danger
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The idea that the Constitution guarantees a right to privacy was first enunciated in
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Griswold v. Connecticut
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) In the 1992 case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion
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restrictions could be imposed by states if they did not involve ʺundue burdensʺ on the
women seeking abortions. |
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Policies that extend basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination are known as
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civil rights.
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The concept that everyone should have the same chance is called equality of
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opportunity.
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The Fourteenth Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyone
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equal protection of the laws.
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The courts have recently ruled that, under the Fourteenth Amendment, racial and ethnic
classifications by states in regard to any matter |
are inherently suspect
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Equal protection of the laws
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does not deny states treating classes of citizens differently if the classification is
reasonable |
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The ________ Amendment outlawed slavery in the United States.
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Thirteenth
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Jim Crow laws were those which
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were enacted by Southern whites in the late nineteenth century to segregate African
Americans from whites |
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The Supreme Courtʹs decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson
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stated that the principle of separate but equal public facilities for African Americans was
constitutional |
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In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court
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ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal
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De facto educational segregation occurs
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by the reality of neighborhood schools located in areas that happen to be racially
segregated |
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De jure educational segregation occurs
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by law.
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The ________ Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed the right of African Americans to vote
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Fifteenth
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964
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made racial discrimination illegal in places of public accommodation and
forbade discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender. |
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The legal right to vote is referred to as
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suffrage.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964
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guaranteed equal access to hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations.
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To render African-American votes ineffective, several southern states used the ________, a
device that permitted political parties to choose their nominees in elections off limits to blacks. |
white primary
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One consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was
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dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote
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The womenʹs rights movement was launched with the signing of the
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Seneca Falls Declaration
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The Nineteenth Amendment
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gave women the constitutional right to vote
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The feminist movement was reborn
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during the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s
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In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that any ʺarbitraryʺ sex -based classification violated the
equal protection clause |
Reed v. Reed
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In the case of Craig v. Boren, the Supreme Court ruled that
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it would employ a ʺmedium scrutinyʺ standard: sex discrimination would be treated as
neither valid nor invalid |
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e ________ banned gender discrimination in employment by law.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE?
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The ERA was ratified in 1982.
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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled
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Supporters of affirmative action believe that
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affirmative action produces so important a social goal that some reverse discrimination is
acceptable |