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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
capital punishment |
the death penalty (p. 174) |
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control theory |
the idea that two control systems, inner and outer controls, work against our tendencies to deviate (p. 159) |
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corporate crime |
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation (p. 166) |
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crime |
the violation of norms written into law (p. 154) |
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criminal justice system |
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime (p. 168) |
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cultural goals |
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve (p. 163) |
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degradation ceremony |
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new one in its place (p. 160) |
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deviance |
the violation of norms (or rules or expectations) (p. 154) |
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differential association |
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant (p. 157) |
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genetic predisposition |
inborn tendencies (e.g. a tendency to commit deviant acts) (p. 156) |
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illegitimate opportunity structure |
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life (p. 165) |
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institutionalized means |
approved ways of reaching cultural goals (p. 163) |
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labeling theory |
the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity (p. 159) |
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medicalize |
the transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians (p. 178) |
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medicalization of deviance |
to make a deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians (p. 178) |
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negative sanction |
an expression of disapproval for deviance, ranging from a mild, informal reaction, such as a frown, to a formal reaction, such as a prison sentence or an execution (p. 156) |
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personality disorders |
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms (p. 157) |
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positive sanction |
a reward or positive reaction for conforming to norms, ranging from a smile to a formal award (p. 156) |
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recidivism rate |
the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested (p. 173) |
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serial murder |
the killing of three or more victims in separate events (p. 175) |
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social control |
a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms (p. 156) |
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social order |
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend on and on which they base their lives (p. 156) |
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stigma |
characteristics that discredit people (p. 154) |
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strain theory |
Robert Merson's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (e.g. success) but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation is an innovative solution (i.e. crime) (p. 163) |
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street crime |
crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary (p. 156) |
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techniques of neutralization |
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize) society's norms (p. 161) |
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white-collar crime |
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of otherwise respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; e.g. bribery of public officials, embezzlement ,etc. (p. 166) |
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Howard S. Becker |
observed that an act is not deviant in and of itself, but only when there is a reaction to it (p. 154) |
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Emile Durkheim |
noted that deviance is functional for a society (pp. 163, 179) |
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Robert Edgerton |
documented how different human groups react to similar behaviors, demonstrating that what is deviant in one context is not in another (p. 155) |
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Erving Goffman |
wrote about the role of stigma and the definition of who and what is deviant (p. 154) |
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Robert Merton |
developed strain theory to explain patterns of deviance within a society (pp. 163-164, 178) |
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Edwin Sutherland |
developed differential association theory and was the first to study and give a name to the crimes that occur among the middle class in the course of their work (i.e. "white collar crime") (pp. 157, 166) |